path: root/Documentation/pbuilder-doc.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" "docbookx.dtd"> 
<!-- the original of this documentation is in pbuilder source tar-ball -->
<book>
  <title>pbuilder User's Manual</title>
  <chapter>
    <title>Introducing pbuilder</title>
    <sect1>
      <title>Aims of pbuilder</title>
      <para>
	<command>pbuilder</command> stands for 
	Personal Builder, and it is a automatic Debian Package Building system
	for personal environments.
	<command>pbuilder</command> aims to be an 
	easy-to-setup system
	for auto-building Debian packages inside a clean-room
	environment, so that it is possible to verify that
	a package can be built on most Debian installations.
	Clean-room environment is achieved through use of a chroot image,
	so that only minimal packages will be installed inside the
	chroot.
      </para>
      <para>
	Debian distribution consists of free software
	accompanied with source.
	The source code within Debian "main" section
	must build within Debian "main",
	with only the explicitly specified build-dependencies
	installed.
      </para>
      <para>
	The aim of pbuilder is very different from other 
	auto-building systems in that its aim is not in trying to build
	as many packages. It does not try to guess
	what a package needs, and in most cases it tries the
	worst choice of all if there was a choice to be made.
      </para>
      <para>
	In this way, <command>pbuilder</command> tries to ensure 
	that packages 
	tested against pbuilder will build in 
	most Debian environments, hopefully resulting
	in a good overall Debian source-buildability.
      </para>
      <para>
	The goal of making Debian buildable from source is 
	somewhat achieved, and has progressed well.
	It is known that Debian 3.0 is not quite 
	buildable from source, but the next version should 
	be better.
      </para>
    </sect1>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>Using pbuilder</title>
    <sect1>
      <title>Creating base chroot image</title>
      <para>
	<command>pbuilder create</command>
	will create base chroot image.
	Distribution code-name needs to be specified with 
	<command><option>--distribution</option></command>
	command-line option.
	Usually, "sid" is the proper distribution.
      </para>
      <para>
	<command>debootstrap</command> is used to create 
	the bare minimum Debian installation, 
	and then build-essential packages are installed on top 
	of the minimum installation using <command>apt-get</command> 
	inside the chroot.
      </para>
      <para>
	For fuller documentation of command-line options, see
	pbuilder.8 manual page.
	Some configuration will be required for <filename>/etc/pbuilderrc</filename>
	for the mirror site
	<footnote>
	  <para>
	    The mirror site should preferably a local one,
	    to not to overload the public mirrors with
	    a lot of access.
	  </para>
	</footnote>
	to use, and proxy configuration is probably required to allow access
	through HTTP.
	See pbuilderrc.5 manual page for details.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Updating base chroot image</title>
      <para><command>pbuilder update</command>
	will update the chroot image.
	It will extract the chroot, invoke <command>apt-get update</command>
	and <command>apt-get dist-upgrade</command> inside the 
	chroot, and then recreate the base tarball.
      </para>
      <para>
	It is possible to switch the distribution which the chroot 
	tarball is targeted at at this point.
	Specify <command><option>--distribution <parameter>sid</parameter></option> <option>--override-config</option></command> to change the distribution
	to sid.
	<footnote>
	  <para>However, only upgrading is really supported.</para>
	</footnote>
      </para>
      <para>
	For fuller documentation of command-line options, see
	pbuilder.8 manual page
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Building a package using chroot image</title>
      <para>
	To build a package inside the chroot, invoke
	<command>pbuilder build <option>whatever.dsc</option></command>.
	<command>pbuilder</command> will extract 
	chroot image to a temporal working directory,
	and satisfy the build-dependency inside the chroot,
	and build the package.
	The built packages will be moved to a 
	directory specified with 
	<command><option>--buildresult</option></command>
	command-line option.
      </para>
      <para>
	<command><option>--basetgz</option></command> option can be 
	used to specify which chroot image to use.
      </para>
      <para>
	<command>pbuilder</command> will extract a fresh chroot image
	created with <command>pbuilder build</command>
	and updated with <command>pbuilder update</command>,
	and populate the chroot with build-dependency by parsing 
	debian/control and invoking <command>apt-get</command>.
      </para>
      <para>
	For fuller documentation of command-line options, see
	pbuilder.8 manual page
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Facilitating Debian Developers from typing, pdebuild</title>
      <para>
	<command>pdebuild</command> is a little wrapper 
	script that does the most frequent of all tasks.
	A Debian Developer may try to do <command>debuild</command>, and 
	build a package, inside a Debian source directory.
	<command>pdebuild</command> will allow similar 
	control, and allow package to be built inside the chroot,
	to check that the current source tree will build happily
	inside the chroot.
      </para>
      <para>
	<command>pdebuild</command> calls <command>dpkg-source</command>
	to build the source packages, and then invoke
	<command>pbuilder</command> on the resulting source package.
	However, unlike debuild, the resulting deb files will be
	found somewhere in BUILDRESULT directory.
      </para>
      <para>
	See pdebuild.1 manual page for more details.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Configuration Files</title>
      <para>
	It is possible to specify all settings by command-line
	option. However, for convenience it is possible to 
	use a configuration file.
      </para>
      <para>
	<filename>/etc/pbuilderrc</filename> and 
	<filename>${HOME}/.pbuilderrc</filename>
	are read in when pbuilder is invoked.
	The possible options are documented in 
	pbuilderrc.5 documentation.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Building packages as non-root inside the chroot</title>
      <para>
	<command>pbuilder</command> requires full root privilage 
	when it is satisfying the build-dependency but most packages do not 
	need root privilage, or even do not build when they are root.
	<command>pbuilder </command> can create a user only used 
	inside <command>pbuilder </command> and use that user id when
	building, and use <command>fakeroot</command> command
	when root privilage is required.
      </para>
      <para>
	BUILDUSERID needs should be set to a value for a user id that
	does not exist on the system, so that it is harder for 
	packages that are being built with 
	<command>pbuilder</command> to do harm to the main system.
	BUILDUSERNAME needs to be set to some value, and 
	pbuilder will use that user id and use fakeroot for building.
      </para>
      <para>
	Using the fakerooting method, pbuilder will run with 
	root privilage when it is required, when installing
	packages to the chroot.
      </para>
      <para>
	To be able to invoke pbuilder without being 
	root, you need to use user-mode-linux, as explained
	in <xref linkend="pbuilder-uml"/>.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Using pbuilder for backporting</title>
      <para>
	pbuilder can be used for backporting software from 
	the latest Debian distribution to 
	older stable distribution, by using a chroot that contains
	image of older distribution, and building packages inside the
	chroot.
	There are several points to consider, and due to the following reasons,
	automatic backporting is usually not possible, and 
	manual interaction is required:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Build-Dependency in stable may not be enough to build a package in unstable distribution, so package may need more than what exists in stable</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Stable distribution may have bugs that have been fixed in unstable that needs to be worked around.</para></listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Package in unstable distribution may have problem building even for unstable.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Mass-building packages</title>
      <para>
	pbuilder can be automated, because its operations are
	non-interactive.
	It is possible to run pbuilder through multiple packages 
	noninteractively.
	There are several such scripts known to exist.
	Junichi Uekawa has been running such script since 2001,
	and has been filing bugs on packages that fail the 
	test of pbuilder. There were several problems with autobuilding:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Build-Dependency needs to install noninteractively, but 
	    some packages are so broken that they cannot install 
	    without interaction (like postgresql)</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>When a library package breaks, or gcc/gcj/g++ breaks, 
	    or even bison, a large number of build failure are reported.
	    (gcj-3.0 which had no "javac", bison which got more strict, etc.)
	  </para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Some people were quite hostile against build failure reports.</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
      <para>
	But most of these problems are now getting solved.
	Only about 10% of Debian now fail to build from source (29 Dec 2002).
      </para>
      <para>
	A script that was used by Junichi Uekawa is now included in 
	pbuilder distribution, as <command>pbuildd.sh</command>.
	It is available in <filename>/usr/share/doc/pbuilder/examples/pbuildd/</filename>
	and its configuration is in <filename>/etc/pbuilder/pbuildd-config.sh</filename>.
	It should be easy enough to set up for people who are used to 
	pbuilder. It has been running for quite a while, and it should be 
	possible to set the application up on your system also.
	However, it is a new introduction, and please file bugs
	to the Debian BTS if you know of possible problems,
	or improved on the script considerably.
      </para>
      <para>
	To set up pbuildd, there are some points to be aware of.
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>A file <filename>./avoidlist</filename> needs to be available with the list of packages to avoid building. </para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>It will try building anything, even packages that are not aimed for your architecture</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Because you are running random build scripts, it is better to use 
	  fakeroot option of pbuilder, to avoid running build in root privilege</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Because not all builds are guaranteed to finish in a finite time,
	    setting timeout is probably necessary, or build may stall with
	    a bad build</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>
	    Some packages require a lot of disk space, 
	    around 2GB seems to be quite sufficient for the time being.
	  </para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Auto-backporting scripts</title>
      <para>
	There are some people who use pbuilder to automatically backport
	a subset of packages to the stable distribution.
	Any URL?
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Using pbuilder for automated testing of packages</title>
      <para>
	pbuilder can be used for automated testing of packages.
	It has the feature of allowing hooks to be placed,
	and these hooks can try to install packages inside
	the chroot, or run them, or whatever else that 
	can be done. Some known tests and ideas:
      </para>
      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Automatic install-remove-upgrade-remove-install-purge-upgrade-purge testsuite (distributed as an example)</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Automatic lintian running (distributed as an example)</para>
	</listitem>
	<listitem>
	  <para>Automatic debian-test of the package?</para>
	</listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Using pbuilder for testing build with alternate compilers</title>
      <para>
	Most packages are compiled with <command>gcc</command> or <command>g++</command>
	and using the default compiler version, which was gcc 2.95 for Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 (i386).
	However, Debian distributes other compilers, also, and provides
	binaries such as <command>gcc-3.2</command> for gcc compiler version 3.2.
	It is therefore possible to try compiling packages against different
	compiler versions.
	<command>pentium-builder</command> provides an infrastructure for using different
	compiler for building packages than the default gcc, by
	becoming a wrapper script called gcc, that calls the real gcc.
	To use <command>pentium-builder</command> in <command>pbuilder</command>, it is possible to set up the
	following in the configuration:
	<screen>
EXTRAPACKAGES="pentium-builder gcc-3.2 g++-3.2"
export DEBIAN_BUILDARCH=athlon
export DEBIAN_BUILDGCCVER=3.2
	</screen>
      </para>
      <para>
	It will instruct <command>pbuilder</command> to install <command>pentium-builder</command> package 
	and also the GCC 3.2 compiler packages inside the chroot,
	and set the environment variables required for 
	<command>pentium-builder</command> to function.
      </para>
    </sect1>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>Frequently asked questions</title>
    <para>
      Here, known problems and frequently asked questions are
      documented. This portion was initially available in README.Debian
      file, but moved into here.
    </para>
    <sect1>
      <title>pbuilder create fails</title>
      <para>
	It often happens that pbuilder cannot create latest chroot.
	Try upgrading pbuilder and debootstrap.
	It is currently only possible to create software that handles the 
	past. Future prediction features may be added later when 
	we can successfully handle the past.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Notes on usage of $TMPDIR</title>
      <para>
	If you are setting $TMPDIR to an unusual value, of other than
	<filename>/tmp</filename>, you will find that some errors may occur inside the chroot,
	such as <command>dpkg-source</command> failing.
      </para>
      <para>There are two options, you may install a hook to create that
	directory, or set 
	<screen>export TMPDIR=/tmp</screen>
	in pbuilderrc. Take your pick.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Specialized requirement on apt sources list</title>
      <para>
	If you have some very specialized requirements on your 
	apt setup inside pbuilder, 
	it is possible to specify that through 
	<command><option>--othermirror</option></command>
	option.
	Try something like:
	<command><option>--othermirror "deb http://local/mirror stable main|deb-src http://local/source/repository ./"</option></command>
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>How to get pbuilder to run apt-get update before trying to satisfy build-dependency</title>
      <para>
	You can use hook scripts for this.
	D scripts are run before satisfying build-dependency.
      </para>
    </sect1>
  </chapter>
  <chapter id="otheruse">
    <title>Other uses of pbuilder</title>
    <sect1 id="chroot">
      <title>Using pbuilder for small experiments</title>
      <para>
	There are cases when some small experimenting is required, and 
	do not want to damage the main system,
	like installing experimental library packages,
	or compiling with experimental compilers.
	For such cases, <command>pbuilder login</command> command is available.
      </para>
      <para>
	<command>pbuilder login </command> is a debuggin feature for 
	pbuilder itself, but it also allows users to have a temporal chroot.
      </para>
      <para>
	Note that chroot is cleaned after logging out of the shell,
	and mounting filesystems inside it is considered harmful.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Running little programs inside the chroot</title>
      <para>
	To facilitate using pbuilder for other uses, 
	<command>pbuilder execute</command> is available.
	<command>pbuilder execute </command> will take a script 
	specified in the command-line argument, and 
	invoke the script inside the chroot.
      </para>
      <para>
	The script can be useful for sequence of operations such as
	installing ssh and adding a new user inside the chroot.
      </para>
    </sect1>

  </chapter>
  <chapter id="experimental">
    <title>Experimental or wishlist features of pbuilder</title>
    <para>
      There are some advanced features, above that of the 
      basic feature of pbuilder, for some specific purposes.
    </para>
    <sect1 id="pbuilder-uml">
      <title>Using User-mode-linux</title>
      <para>
	<command>pbuilder-uml</command> exists.
	Invoking that command instead of <command>pbuilder</command>
	it is possible to use user-mode-linux.
	The advantage of using user-mode-linux is that 
	it does not require root privilege to run,
	and it does Copy-on-write, which is probably  much faster than
	conventional pbuilder method.
      </para>
      <para>
	The problem is that this relies on User-mode-linux
	which is a relatively new project, and has not quite
	matured, as opposed to conventional pbuilder which rely 
	on <command>chroot</command> and <command>tar</command> 
	and <command>gzip</command>, which are known to work
	on most Unix systems.
	However, <command>pbuilder-uml</command>  uses COW method for 
	file access, and it is so much more faster than pbuilder 
	when building most packages.
      </para>
      <para>
	It has been verified that pbuilder-uml works,
	as of version 0.59.
	The configuration of pbuilder-uml goes in two steps:
	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>Configuration of rootstrap</para>
	    <para>Configuration of pbuilder-uml</para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </para>
      <sect2>
	<title>Configuring rootstrap</title>
	<para>
	  <command>rootstrap</command> is a program that 
	  is a wrapper to debootstrap, creating a Debian disk image inside
	  UML.
	  To configure rootstrap, there are several requirements.
	</para>
	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>install rootstrap package</para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>add the user to uml-net group to allow access to network
	      <screen>
adduser dancer uml-net
	      </screen></para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>Check that compile supports tun/tap interface,
	      and recompile the kernel if necessary
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>Set up /etc/rootstrap/rootstrap.conf, for example,
	      if the current host is 192.168.1.2, changing following 
	      entries to something like this seems to work.
	      <screen>
transport=tuntap
interface=eth0
gateway=192.168.1.1
mirror=http://192.168.1.2:8081/debian
host=192.168.1.198
uml=192.168.1.199
netmask=255.255.255.0
	      </screen>
	      Some experimentation with configuration and running
	      <command>rootstrap ~/test.uml</command> to actually 
	      test it would be handy.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </sect2>
      <sect2>
	<title>Configuring pbuilder-uml</title>
	<para>
	  The following needs to happen:
	  <itemizedlist>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>install pbuilder-uml package</para>
	    </listitem>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
		Set configuration file <filename>/etc/pbuilder/pbuilder-uml.conf</filename> as follows
		<screen>
MY_ETH0=tuntap,,,192.168.1.198
UML_IP=192.168.1.199
UML_NETMASK=255.255.255.0
UML_NETWORK=192.168.1.0
UML_BROADCAST=255.255.255.255
UML_GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
PBUILDER_UML_IMAGE="/home/dancer/uml-image"
		</screen>
		and it needs to match rootstrap configuration.
	      </para>
	    </listitem>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>Run <command>pbuilder-user-mode-linux create --distribution sid</command> to create the image</para>
	    </listitem>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>Try running <command>pbuilder-user-mode-linux build </command></para>
	    </listitem>
	  </itemizedlist>
	</para>
      </sect2>
      <sect2>
	<title>Parallel running of pbuilder-user-mode-linux</title>
	<para>
	  To run pbuilder-uml parallel on a system, there are a few things 
	  to bear in mind.
	</para>
	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>create and update methods must not be ran when build is in progress, or COW file will be invalid</para>
	  </listitem>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>UML processes that are running in parallel needs to have 
	      different IP addresses.
	      So, something like the following will work, 
	      <command>for IP in 102 103 104 105; do xterm -e  pbuilder-user-mode-linux build --uml-ip 192.168.0.$IP 20030107/whizzytex_1.1.1-1.dsc&amp; done 
	      </command>
	      but just trying to run <command>pbuilder-uml</command> 
	      several times will result in failure to access the network.
	    </para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </sect2>
      <sect2>
	<title>Using pbuilder-uml as a wrapper script to start up virtual machine</title>
	<para>
	  It is possible to use pbuilder-uml for other uses than just building Debian 
	  packages.
	  <command>pbuilder-user-mode-linux login</command>
	  will let a user use a shell inside the user-mode-linux using the 
	  pbuilder base image,
	  and <command>pbuilder-user-mode-linux execute</command> will
	  allow the user to execute a script inside the chroot.
	</para>
	<para>
	  You can use the script to install ssh and add a new user,
	  so that it is possible to access inside the UML through ssh.
	</para>
	<para>
	  Note that it is not possible to use a script from 
	  <filename>/tmp</filename> due to the way pbuilder-uml mounts 
	  tmpfs at <filename>/tmp</filename>.
	</para>
	<para>
	  The following is an example script  that may be useful in starting a sshd 
	  inside uml.
	</para>
	<screen>
#!/bin/bash

apt-get install -y ssh xbase-clients xterm
echo "enter root password"
passwd 
cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config{,-}
cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config- | sed 's/X11Forwarding.*/X11Forwarding yes/' &gt; /etc/ssh/sshd_config

/etc/init.d/ssh restart
ifconfig
echo "Hit enter to finish"
read
	</screen>
      </sect2>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Using LVM</title>
      <para>
	LVM has snapshot function that features Copy-on-write images.
	That could be used for pbuilder just it can be used for 
	user-mode-linux pbuilder port.
	It may prove to be faster, but it is not implemented yet,
	and so no measurement has been made, yet.
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Using pbuilder without tar.gz</title>
      <para>
	<command><option>--no-targz</option></command>
	option of <command>pbuilder</command>
	will allow usage of pbuilder in a different way
	to conventional usage.
	It will try to use existing chroot, 
	and will not try to clean up after 
	working on it.
	It is an operation mode more like 
	<command>sbuild</command>.
      </para>
      <para>
	It should be possible to create chroot images
	for <command>dchroot</command> with following commands:
	<screen>
# pbuilder  create --distribution potato --no-targz --basetgz /chroot/potato
# pbuilder  create --distribution woody --no-targz --basetgz /chroot/woody
# pbuilder  create --distribution sid --no-targz --basetgz /chroot/sid
	</screen>
      </para>
    </sect1>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>Minor details</title>
    <sect1>
      <title>Documentation history </title>
      <para>
	This document is started on 28 Dec 2002 by
	Junichi Uekawa, trying to document what is known
	about pbuilder.
      </para>
      <para>
	This documentation is available from pbuilder source tarball,
	and from CVS repository of pbuilder (which might not be 
	public yet now).
	A copy of this documentation can be found in
	<ulink url="http://www.netfort.gr.jp/~dancer/software/pbuilder-doc/pbuilder-doc.html">Netfort page for pbuilder</ulink>.
	The homepage for pbuilder is 
	<ulink url="http://www.netfort.gr.jp/~dancer/software/pbuilder.html">
	  http://www.netfort.gr.jp/~dancer/software/pbuilder.html
	</ulink>
      </para>
    </sect1>
    <sect1>
      <title>Inaccurate Background of pbuilder</title>
      <para>
	The following is most possibly inaccurate account of how 
	pbuilder happened to come, and other attempts to 
	make something like pbuilder to happen.
	This part of document was originally in AUTHORS file,
	to give credit to those who existed before pbuilder.
      </para>
      <sect2>
	<title>The Time Before pbuilder</title>
	<para>
	  There were dbuild, which was a shell script to build
	  Debian packages from source. Lars Wirzenius wrote that 
	  script, and it was good, short, and simple (probably).
	  There was nothing like build-depends then (I think), and it was simple.
	  It could have been improved, I don't have the source off-hand.
	</para>
	<para>
	  debbuild was probably written by James Troup. I don't know it 
	  because I have never seen the actual code, I could only find some
	  references to it on the net, and mailing list logs.
	</para>
	<para>
	  sbuild is a perl script to build Debian package from source.
	  It parses Build-Dependency, and performs other misc checks,
	  and has a lot of hacks to actually get things building,
	  including a table of what package to use when virtual packages are
	  specified (does it do that still?).
	  It supports use of local database for packages which do not 
	  have build-dependency. It was written by Ronan Hodek, 
	  and I think it was patched and fixed and extended by
	  several people. It is part of wanna-build, and used extensively
	  in Debian buildd system. I think it was maintained
	  mostly by Ryan Murray.
	</para>
      </sect2>
      <sect2>
	<title>Birth of pbuilder</title>
	<para>
	  wanna-build (sbuild) was quite difficult to set up, and it was 
	  never a Debian package. dbuild was something that predated
	  Build-Depends.
	</para>
	<para>
	  Building package from source using Build-Depends 
	  information within a chroot sounded trivial; and 
	  pbuilder was born. It was initially a shell script
	  with only a few lines, which called debootstrap
	  and chroot and dpkg-buildpackage in the same run,
	  but soon, it was decided that's too slow.
	</para>
	<para>
	  Yes, and it took almost an year to get things somewhat 
	  right, and in the middle of the process, Debian 3.0
	  was released. Yay.
	  Debian 3.0 wasn't completely buildable with pbuilder,
	  but the amount of packages which are not buildable
	  are steadily decreasing. (I hope)
	</para>
      </sect2>
      <sect2>
	<title>And the second year of its life</title>
	<para>
	  And someone wanted pbuilder to run as not root,
	  and User-mode-linux has become more useful as time passed,
	  I've started experimenting with pbuilder-uml.
	  pbuilder-uml has not been able to run as often as it should,
	  and bootstrapping user-mode-linux environment has been
	  pretty hard.
	</para>
      </sect2>
    </sect1>
  </chapter>
</book>