Imported Upstream version 2.7.0

30 files changed, 1111 insertions, 438 deletions

diff --git a/requests/__init__.py b/requests/__init__.py
index d5e1956..4bca66e 100644
--- a/requests/__init__.py
+++ b/requests/__init__.py
@@ -36,17 +36,17 @@ usage:
 The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
 is at <http://python-requests.org>.
 
-:copyright: (c) 2014 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:copyright: (c) 2015 by Kenneth Reitz.
 :license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
 
 """
 
 __title__ = 'requests'
-__version__ = '2.4.3'
-__build__ = 0x020403
+__version__ = '2.7.0'
+__build__ = 0x020700
 __author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
 __license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
-__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2014 Kenneth Reitz'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2015 Kenneth Reitz'
 
 # Attempt to enable urllib3's SNI support, if possible
 try:
diff --git a/requests/adapters.py b/requests/adapters.py
index abb25d1..02e0dd1 100644
--- a/requests/adapters.py
+++ b/requests/adapters.py
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ and maintain connections.
 import socket
 
 from .models import Response
-from .packages.urllib3 import Retry
 from .packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
 from .packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
 from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from .packages.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
 from .compat import urlparse, basestring
 from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
                     prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth)
@@ -26,9 +26,10 @@ from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ResponseError
 from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
 from .exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout, SSLError,
-                         ProxyError)
+                         ProxyError, RetryError)
 from .auth import _basic_auth_str
 
 DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
@@ -60,8 +61,12 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
     :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
     :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
     :param int max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
-        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed connections and
-        timeouts, never to requests where the server returns a response.
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
     :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
 
     Usage::
@@ -77,7 +82,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
     def __init__(self, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
                  pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
                  pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
-        self.max_retries = max_retries
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
         self.config = {}
         self.proxy_manager = {}
 
@@ -123,7 +131,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         self._pool_block = block
 
         self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
-                                       block=block, **pool_kwargs)
+                                       block=block, strict=True, **pool_kwargs)
 
     def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
         """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
@@ -358,7 +366,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                     assert_same_host=False,
                     preload_content=False,
                     decode_content=False,
-                    retries=Retry(self.max_retries, read=False),
+                    retries=self.max_retries,
                     timeout=timeout
                 )
 
@@ -410,6 +418,9 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
             if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
                 raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
 
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
             raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
 
         except _ProxyError as e:
diff --git a/requests/api.py b/requests/api.py
index 4eaaf9e..d40fa38 100644
--- a/requests/api.py
+++ b/requests/api.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from . import sessions
 
 def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
-    Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
 
     :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
@@ -37,6 +36,8 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     :param verify: (optional) if ``True``, the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided.
     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
 
     Usage::
 
@@ -46,25 +47,35 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     """
 
     session = sessions.Session()
-    return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+    response = session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+    # By explicitly closing the session, we avoid leaving sockets open which
+    # can trigger a ResourceWarning in some cases, and look like a memory leak
+    # in others.
+    session.close()
+    return response
 
 
-def get(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+    """Sends a GET request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
-    return request('get', url, **kwargs)
+    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
 
 
 def options(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a OPTIONS request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
@@ -72,10 +83,12 @@ def options(url, **kwargs):
 
 
 def head(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a HEAD request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
@@ -83,44 +96,52 @@ def head(url, **kwargs):
 
 
 def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a POST request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
 
 def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a PUT request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('put', url, data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
 def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a PATCH request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('patch', url,  data=data, **kwargs)
 
 
 def delete(url, **kwargs):
-    """Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+    """Sends a DELETE request.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
     """
 
     return request('delete', url, **kwargs)
diff --git a/requests/auth.py b/requests/auth.py
index 9b6426d..0ff9c29 100644
--- a/requests/auth.py
+++ b/requests/auth.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from base64 import b64encode
 from .compat import urlparse, str
 from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
 from .utils import parse_dict_header, to_native_string
+from .status_codes import codes
 
 CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
 CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         self.nonce_count = 0
         self.chal = {}
         self.pos = None
+        self.num_401_calls = 1
 
     def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
 
@@ -101,7 +103,8 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         # XXX not implemented yet
         entdig = None
         p_parsed = urlparse(url)
-        path = p_parsed.path
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
         if p_parsed.query:
             path += '?' + p_parsed.query
 
@@ -122,13 +125,15 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         s += os.urandom(8)
 
         cnonce = (hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16])
-        noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, qop, HA2)
         if _algorithm == 'MD5-SESS':
             HA1 = hash_utf8('%s:%s:%s' % (HA1, nonce, cnonce))
 
         if qop is None:
             respdig = KD(HA1, "%s:%s" % (nonce, HA2))
         elif qop == 'auth' or 'auth' in qop.split(','):
+            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
+                nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, 'auth', HA2
+                )
             respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
         else:
             # XXX handle auth-int.
@@ -150,6 +155,11 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
         return 'Digest %s' % (base)
 
+    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self.num_401_calls = 1
+
     def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
         """Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed."""
 
@@ -162,7 +172,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
         if 'digest' in s_auth.lower() and num_401_calls < 2:
 
-            setattr(self, 'num_401_calls', num_401_calls + 1)
+            self.num_401_calls += 1
             pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
             self.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
 
@@ -182,7 +192,7 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
 
             return _r
 
-        setattr(self, 'num_401_calls', 1)
+        self.num_401_calls = 1
         return r
 
     def __call__(self, r):
@@ -192,6 +202,11 @@ class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
         try:
             self.pos = r.body.tell()
         except AttributeError:
-            pass
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self.pos = None
         r.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_redirect)
         return r
diff --git a/requests/compat.py b/requests/compat.py
index be5a1ed..70edff7 100644
--- a/requests/compat.py
+++ b/requests/compat.py
@@ -21,62 +21,10 @@ is_py2 = (_ver[0] == 2)
 #: Python 3.x?
 is_py3 = (_ver[0] == 3)
 
-#: Python 3.0.x
-is_py30 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 0)
-
-#: Python 3.1.x
-is_py31 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 1)
-
-#: Python 3.2.x
-is_py32 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 2)
-
-#: Python 3.3.x
-is_py33 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 3)
-
-#: Python 3.4.x
-is_py34 = (is_py3 and _ver[1] == 4)
-
-#: Python 2.7.x
-is_py27 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 7)
-
-#: Python 2.6.x
-is_py26 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 6)
-
-#: Python 2.5.x
-is_py25 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 5)
-
-#: Python 2.4.x
-is_py24 = (is_py2 and _ver[1] == 4)   # I'm assuming this is not by choice.
-
-
-# ---------
-# Platforms
-# ---------
-
-
-# Syntax sugar.
-_ver = sys.version.lower()
-
-is_pypy = ('pypy' in _ver)
-is_jython = ('jython' in _ver)
-is_ironpython = ('iron' in _ver)
-
-# Assume CPython, if nothing else.
-is_cpython = not any((is_pypy, is_jython, is_ironpython))
-
-# Windows-based system.
-is_windows = 'win32' in str(sys.platform).lower()
-
-# Standard Linux 2+ system.
-is_linux = ('linux' in str(sys.platform).lower())
-is_osx = ('darwin' in str(sys.platform).lower())
-is_hpux = ('hpux' in str(sys.platform).lower())   # Complete guess.
-is_solaris = ('solar==' in str(sys.platform).lower())   # Complete guess.
-
 try:
     import simplejson as json
 except (ImportError, SyntaxError):
-    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it thows a SyntaxError
+    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it throws a SyntaxError
     # because of u'...' Unicode literals.
     import json
 
@@ -99,7 +47,6 @@ if is_py2:
     basestring = basestring
     numeric_types = (int, long, float)
 
-
 elif is_py3:
     from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlencode, quote, unquote, quote_plus, unquote_plus, urldefrag
     from urllib.request import parse_http_list, getproxies, proxy_bypass
diff --git a/requests/cookies.py b/requests/cookies.py
index 831c49c..1fbc934 100644
--- a/requests/cookies.py
+++ b/requests/cookies.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
 requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
 """
 
+import copy
 import time
 import collections
 from .compat import cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse, Morsel
@@ -157,26 +158,28 @@ class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
 
 
 class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
-    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict interface.
+    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+    interface.
 
     This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
     don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
     session.cookies to support dict operations.
 
-    Don't use the dict interface internally; it's just for compatibility with
-    with external client code. All `requests` code should work out of the box
-    with externally provided instances of CookieJar, e.g., LWPCookieJar and
-    FileCookieJar.
-
-    Caution: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
+    compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
+    out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
+    ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
 
     Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
-    """
 
+    .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    """
     def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
         """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
         order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
-        multiple domains. Caution: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+        multiple domains.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
         try:
             return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
         except KeyError:
@@ -199,37 +202,38 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return c
 
     def iterkeys(self):
-        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies from the jar.
-        See itervalues() and iteritems()."""
+        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
+        from the jar. See itervalues() and iteritems()."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.name
 
     def keys(self):
-        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the jar.
-        See values() and items()."""
+        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
+        jar. See values() and items()."""
         return list(self.iterkeys())
 
     def itervalues(self):
-        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies from the jar.
-        See iterkeys() and iteritems()."""
+        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and iteritems()."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.value
 
     def values(self):
-        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the jar.
-        See keys() and items()."""
+        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
+        jar. See keys() and items()."""
         return list(self.itervalues())
 
     def iteritems(self):
-        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples from the jar.
-        See iterkeys() and itervalues()."""
+        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
+        from the jar. See iterkeys() and itervalues()."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             yield cookie.name, cookie.value
 
     def items(self):
-        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the jar.
-        See keys() and values(). Allows client-code to call "dict(RequestsCookieJar)
-        and get a vanilla python dict of key value pairs."""
+        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
+        jar. See keys() and values(). Allows client-code to call
+        ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a vanilla python dict of key value
+        pairs."""
         return list(self.iteritems())
 
     def list_domains(self):
@@ -259,8 +263,9 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return False  # there is only one domain in jar
 
     def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
-        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain old
-        Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the requirements."""
+        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
+        old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
+        requirements."""
         dictionary = {}
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (path is None
@@ -269,21 +274,24 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return dictionary
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
-        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws exception
-        if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case, use the more
-        explicit get() method instead. Caution: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
+        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
+        use the more explicit get() method instead.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1)."""
 
         return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
 
     def __setitem__(self, name, value):
-        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws exception
-        if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that case, use the more
-        explicit set() method instead."""
+        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
+        case, use the more explicit set() method instead."""
 
         self.set(name, value)
 
     def __delitem__(self, name):
-        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps cookielib.CookieJar's remove_cookie_by_name()."""
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s
+        ``remove_cookie_by_name()``."""
         remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
 
     def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -295,15 +303,16 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
         if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
             for cookie in other:
-                self.set_cookie(cookie)
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
         else:
             super(RequestsCookieJar, self).update(other)
 
     def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
-        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. Takes as args name
-        and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value. If there are conflicting cookies,
-        _find arbitrarily chooses one. See _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown
-        if there are conflicting cookies."""
+        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values. Takes as
+        args name and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value. If
+        there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one. See
+        _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
+        conflicting cookies."""
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if cookie.name == name:
                 if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
@@ -313,10 +322,11 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         raise KeyError('name=%r, domain=%r, path=%r' % (name, domain, path))
 
     def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
-        """__get_item__ and get call _find_no_duplicates -- never used in Requests internally.
-        Takes as args name and optional domain and path. Returns a cookie.value.
-        Throws KeyError if cookie is not found and CookieConflictError if there are
-        multiple cookies that match name and optionally domain and path."""
+        """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
+        used elsewhere in Requests. Takes as args name and optional domain and
+        path. Returns a cookie.value. Throws KeyError if cookie is not found
+        and CookieConflictError if there are multiple cookies that match name
+        and optionally domain and path."""
         toReturn = None
         for cookie in iter(self):
             if cookie.name == name:
@@ -350,6 +360,21 @@ class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, collections.MutableMapping):
         return new_cj
 
 
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, 'copy'):
+        # We're dealing with an instane of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
 def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
     """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
 
@@ -440,7 +465,7 @@ def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
     """
     if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
         raise ValueError('You can only merge into CookieJar')
-    
+
     if isinstance(cookies, dict):
         cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(
             cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
diff --git a/requests/exceptions.py b/requests/exceptions.py
index 34c7a0d..89135a8 100644
--- a/requests/exceptions.py
+++ b/requests/exceptions.py
@@ -90,5 +90,10 @@ class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
 class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
     """Failed to decode response content"""
 
+
 class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
     """The content for this response was already consumed"""
+
+
+class RetryError(RequestException):
+    """Custom retries logic failed"""
diff --git a/requests/models.py b/requests/models.py
index 17e5598..45b3ea9 100644
--- a/requests/models.py
+++ b/requests/models.py
@@ -15,16 +15,15 @@ from .hooks import default_hooks
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
-from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header, _copy_cookie_jar
 from .packages.urllib3.fields import RequestField
 from .packages.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .packages.urllib3.util import parse_url
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
-    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError)
+    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError, LocationParseError)
 from .exceptions import (
-    HTTPError, RequestException, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, 
-    ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, 
-    StreamConsumedError)
+    HTTPError, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, StreamConsumedError)
 from .utils import (
     guess_filename, get_auth_from_url, requote_uri,
     stream_decode_response_unicode, to_key_val_list, parse_header_links,
@@ -144,12 +143,13 @@ class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
             else:
                 fn = guess_filename(v) or k
                 fp = v
-            if isinstance(fp, str):
-                fp = StringIO(fp)
-            if isinstance(fp, bytes):
-                fp = BytesIO(fp)
 
-            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fp.read(),
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            else:
+                fdata = fp.read()
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata,
                               filename=fn, headers=fh)
             rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
             new_fields.append(rf)
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         p.method = self.method
         p.url = self.url
         p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
-        p._cookies = self._cookies.copy() if self._cookies is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
         p.body = self.body
         p.hooks = self.hooks
         return p
@@ -351,11 +351,15 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             return
 
         # Support for unicode domain names and paths.
-        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        try:
+            scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        except LocationParseError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
 
         if not scheme:
             raise MissingSchema("Invalid URL {0!r}: No schema supplied. "
-                                "Perhaps you meant http://{0}?".format(url))
+                                "Perhaps you meant http://{0}?".format(
+                                    to_native_string(url, 'utf8')))
 
         if not host:
             raise InvalidURL("Invalid URL %r: No host supplied" % url)
@@ -472,7 +476,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             l = super_len(body)
             if l:
                 self.headers['Content-Length'] = builtin_str(l)
-        elif self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD'):
+        elif (self.method not in ('GET', 'HEAD')) and (self.headers.get('Content-Length') is None):
             self.headers['Content-Length'] = '0'
 
     def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=''):
@@ -498,7 +502,15 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
 
     def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
-        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data."""
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand."""
 
         if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
             self._cookies = cookies
@@ -511,6 +523,10 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
 
     def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
         """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
         for event in hooks:
             self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
 
@@ -570,7 +586,11 @@ class Response(object):
         self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
 
         #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
-        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta)
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
         self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
 
         #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
@@ -615,7 +635,7 @@ class Response(object):
     def ok(self):
         try:
             self.raise_for_status()
-        except RequestException:
+        except HTTPError:
             return False
         return True
 
@@ -682,10 +702,12 @@ class Response(object):
 
         return chunks
 
-    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None):
+    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=None, delimiter=None):
         """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
         stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
         content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
         """
 
         pending = None
@@ -694,7 +716,11 @@ class Response(object):
 
             if pending is not None:
                 chunk = pending + chunk
-            lines = chunk.splitlines()
+
+            if delimiter:
+                lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
+            else:
+                lines = chunk.splitlines()
 
             if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
                 pending = lines.pop()
diff --git a/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py b/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
index e4f0799..82c2a48 100644
--- a/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
+++ b/requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # 02110-1301  USA
 ######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
 
-__version__ = "2.2.1"
+__version__ = "2.3.0"
 from sys import version_info
 
 
diff --git a/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py b/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
index ecd0163..ffe892f 100755
--- a/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
+++ b/requests/packages/chardet/chardetect.py
@@ -12,34 +12,68 @@ Example::
 If no paths are provided, it takes its input from stdin.
 
 """
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import argparse
+import sys
 from io import open
-from sys import argv, stdin
 
+from chardet import __version__
 from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
 
 
-def description_of(file, name='stdin'):
-    """Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file."""
+def description_of(lines, name='stdin'):
+    """
+    Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file or
+    list of strings.
+
+    :param lines: The lines to get the encoding of.
+    :type lines: Iterable of bytes
+    :param name: Name of file or collection of lines
+    :type name: str
+    """
     u = UniversalDetector()
-    for line in file:
+    for line in lines:
         u.feed(line)
     u.close()
     result = u.result
     if result['encoding']:
-        return '%s: %s with confidence %s' % (name,
-                                              result['encoding'],
-                                              result['confidence'])
+        return '{0}: {1} with confidence {2}'.format(name, result['encoding'],
+                                                     result['confidence'])
     else:
-        return '%s: no result' % name
+        return '{0}: no result'.format(name)
 
 
-def main():
-    if len(argv) <= 1:
-        print(description_of(stdin))
-    else:
-        for path in argv[1:]:
-            with open(path, 'rb') as f:
-                print(description_of(f, path))
+def main(argv=None):
+    '''
+    Handles command line arguments and gets things started.
+
+    :param argv: List of arguments, as if specified on the command-line.
+                 If None, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used instead.
+    :type argv: list of str
+    '''
+    # Get command line arguments
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Takes one or more file paths and reports their detected \
+                     encodings",
+        formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
+        conflict_handler='resolve')
+    parser.add_argument('input',
+                        help='File whose encoding we would like to determine.',
+                        type=argparse.FileType('rb'), nargs='*',
+                        default=[sys.stdin])
+    parser.add_argument('--version', action='version',
+                        version='%(prog)s {0}'.format(__version__))
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    for f in args.input:
+        if f.isatty():
+            print("You are running chardetect interactively. Press " +
+                  "CTRL-D twice at the start of a blank line to signal the " +
+                  "end of your input. If you want help, run chardetect " +
+                  "--help\n", file=sys.stderr)
+        print(description_of(f, f.name))
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py b/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
index f7f69ba..59aeb6a 100644
--- a/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
+++ b/requests/packages/chardet/jpcntx.py
@@ -177,6 +177,12 @@ class JapaneseContextAnalysis:
         return -1, 1
 
 class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.charset_name = "SHIFT_JIS"
+
+    def get_charset_name(self):
+        return self.charset_name
+
     def get_order(self, aBuf):
         if not aBuf:
             return -1, 1
@@ -184,6 +190,8 @@ class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
         first_char = wrap_ord(aBuf[0])
         if ((0x81 <= first_char <= 0x9F) or (0xE0 <= first_char <= 0xFC)):
             charLen = 2
+            if (first_char == 0x87) or (0xFA <= first_char <= 0xFC):
+                self.charset_name = "CP932"
         else:
             charLen = 1
 
diff --git a/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py b/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
index ad695f5..eef3573 100644
--- a/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
+++ b/requests/packages/chardet/latin1prober.py
@@ -129,11 +129,11 @@ class Latin1Prober(CharSetProber):
         if total < 0.01:
             confidence = 0.0
         else:
-            confidence = ((self._mFreqCounter[3] / total)
-                          - (self._mFreqCounter[1] * 20.0 / total))
+            confidence = ((self._mFreqCounter[3] - self._mFreqCounter[1] * 20.0)
+                          / total)
         if confidence < 0.0:
             confidence = 0.0
         # lower the confidence of latin1 so that other more accurate
         # detector can take priority.
-        confidence = confidence * 0.5
+        confidence = confidence * 0.73
         return confidence
diff --git a/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py b/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
index 3f93cfb..efe678c 100644
--- a/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
+++ b/requests/packages/chardet/mbcssm.py
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ SJIS_cls = (
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 68 - 6f
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # 70 - 77
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,  # 78 - 7f
-    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 80 - 87
+    3,3,3,3,3,2,2,3,  # 80 - 87
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 88 - 8f
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 90 - 97
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 98 - 9f
@@ -369,9 +369,8 @@ SJIS_cls = (
     2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,  # d8 - df
     3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # e0 - e7
     3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,  # e8 - ef
-    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # f0 - f7
-    4,4,4,4,4,0,0,0   # f8 - ff
-)
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # f0 - f7
+    3,3,3,3,3,0,0,0)  # f8 - ff
 
 
 SJIS_st = (
@@ -571,5 +570,3 @@ UTF8SMModel = {'classTable': UTF8_cls,
                'stateTable': UTF8_st,
                'charLenTable': UTF8CharLenTable,
                'name': 'UTF-8'}
-
-# flake8: noqa
diff --git a/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py b/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
index b173614..cd0e9e7 100644
--- a/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
+++ b/requests/packages/chardet/sjisprober.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class SJISProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
         self._mContextAnalyzer.reset()
 
     def get_charset_name(self):
-        return "SHIFT_JIS"
+        return self._mContextAnalyzer.get_charset_name()
 
     def feed(self, aBuf):
         aLen = len(aBuf)
diff --git a/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py b/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
index 9a03ad3..476522b 100644
--- a/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
+++ b/requests/packages/chardet/universaldetector.py
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class UniversalDetector:
 
         if not self._mGotData:
             # If the data starts with BOM, we know it is UTF
-            if aBuf[:3] == codecs.BOM:
+            if aBuf[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
                 # EF BB BF  UTF-8 with BOM
-                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-8", 'confidence': 1.0}
+                self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-8-SIG", 'confidence': 1.0}
             elif aBuf[:4] == codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE:
                 # FF FE 00 00  UTF-32, little-endian BOM
                 self.result = {'encoding': "UTF-32LE", 'confidence': 1.0}
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
index 4b36b5a..f48ac4a 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
 
 __author__ = 'Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)'
 __license__ = 'MIT'
-__version__ = 'dev'
+__version__ = '1.10.4'
 
 
 from .connectionpool import (
@@ -55,9 +55,12 @@ def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
 del NullHandler
 
 
-# Set security warning to only go off once by default.
 import warnings
-warnings.simplefilter('module', exceptions.SecurityWarning)
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter('always', exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter('default', exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning,
+                      append=True)
 
 def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
     """
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
index d77ebb8..279416c 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
 try:
     from threading import RLock
-except ImportError: # Platform-specific: No threads available
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: No threads available
     class RLock:
         def __enter__(self):
             pass
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ except ImportError: # Platform-specific: No threads available
             pass
 
 
-try: # Python 2.7+
+try:  # Python 2.7+
     from collections import OrderedDict
 except ImportError:
     from .packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
-from .packages.six import itervalues
+from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues, PY3
 
 
 __all__ = ['RecentlyUsedContainer', 'HTTPHeaderDict']
@@ -85,8 +85,7 @@ class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
     def clear(self):
         with self.lock:
             # Copy pointers to all values, then wipe the mapping
-            # under Python 2, this copies the list of values twice :-|
-            values = list(self._container.values())
+            values = list(itervalues(self._container))
             self._container.clear()
 
         if self.dispose_func:
@@ -95,10 +94,17 @@ class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
 
     def keys(self):
         with self.lock:
-            return self._container.keys()
+            return list(iterkeys(self._container))
 
 
-class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
+_dict_setitem = dict.__setitem__
+_dict_getitem = dict.__getitem__
+_dict_delitem = dict.__delitem__
+_dict_contains = dict.__contains__
+_dict_setdefault = dict.setdefault
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(dict):
     """
     :param headers:
         An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
@@ -130,25 +136,75 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
     'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
     >>> headers['Content-Length']
     '7'
-
-    If you want to access the raw headers with their original casing
-    for debugging purposes you can access the private ``._data`` attribute
-    which is a normal python ``dict`` that maps the case-insensitive key to a
-    list of tuples stored as (case-sensitive-original-name, value). Using the
-    structure from above as our example:
-
-    >>> headers._data
-    {'set-cookie': [('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar'), ('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')],
-    'content-length': [('content-length', '7')]}
     """
 
     def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
-        self._data = {}
-        if headers is None:
-            headers = {}
-        self.update(headers, **kwargs)
+        dict.__init__(self)
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        return _dict_setitem(self, key.lower(), (key, val))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = _dict_getitem(self, key.lower())
+        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        return _dict_delitem(self, key.lower())
 
-    def add(self, key, value):
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return _dict_contains(self, key.lower())
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            other = type(self)(other)
+        return dict((k1, self[k1]) for k1 in self) == dict((k2, other[k2]) for k2 in other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    values = MutableMapping.values
+    get = MutableMapping.get
+    update = MutableMapping.update
+    
+    if not PY3: # Python 2
+        iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
+        itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+          If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+        '''
+        # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private marker.
+        # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
+        # So let's reinvent the wheel.
+        try:
+            value = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+            return value
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key, val):
         """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
         exists.
 
@@ -157,43 +213,111 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
         >>> headers['foo']
         'bar, baz'
         """
-        self._data.setdefault(key.lower(), []).append((key, value))
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = key, val
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = _dict_setdefault(self, key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            # new_vals was not inserted, as there was a previous one
+            if isinstance(vals, list):
+                # If already several items got inserted, we have a list
+                vals.append(val)
+            else:
+                # vals should be a tuple then, i.e. only one item so far
+                # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
+                _dict_setitem(self, key_lower, [vals[0], vals[1], val])
+
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                            "arguments ({} given)".format(len(args)))
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+        
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            for key in other:
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
 
     def getlist(self, key):
         """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
         empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
-        return self[key].split(', ') if key in self else []
-
-    def copy(self):
-        h = HTTPHeaderDict()
-        for key in self._data:
-            for rawkey, value in self._data[key]:
-                h.add(rawkey, value)
-        return h
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, Mapping):
-            return False
-        other = HTTPHeaderDict(other)
-        return dict((k1, self[k1]) for k1 in self._data) == \
-                dict((k2, other[k2]) for k2 in other._data)
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        values = self._data[key.lower()]
-        return ', '.join(value[1] for value in values)
-
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        self._data[key.lower()] = [(key, value)]
+        try:
+            vals = _dict_getitem(self, key.lower())
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vals, tuple):
+                return [vals[1]]
+            else:
+                return vals[1:]
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
 
-    def __delitem__(self, key):
-        del self._data[key.lower()]
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
 
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self._data)
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = _dict_getitem(other, key)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                # Don't need to convert tuples
+                val = list(val)
+            _dict_setitem(self, key, val)
 
-    def __iter__(self):
-        for headers in itervalues(self._data):
-            yield headers[0][0]
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, dict(self.items()))
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = _dict_getitem(self, key)
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self):
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = _dict_getitem(self, key)
+            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(cls, message): # Python 2
+        """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message 
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        headers = []
+         
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+                key, value = headers[-1]
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                continue
+    
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
index c6e1959..2a8c359 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import sys
 import socket
 from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
 import warnings
+from .packages import six
 
 try:  # Python 3
     from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection, HTTPException
@@ -26,12 +27,20 @@ except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
         pass
 
 
+try:  # Python 3:
+    # Not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+    ConnectionError = ConnectionError
+except NameError:  # Python 2:
+    class ConnectionError(Exception):
+        pass
+
+
 from .exceptions import (
     ConnectTimeoutError,
     SystemTimeWarning,
+    SecurityWarning,
 )
 from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
-from .packages import six
 
 from .util.ssl_ import (
     resolve_cert_reqs,
@@ -40,8 +49,8 @@ from .util.ssl_ import (
     assert_fingerprint,
 )
 
-from .util import connection
 
+from .util import connection
 
 port_by_scheme = {
     'http': 80,
@@ -233,8 +242,15 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
                                self.assert_fingerprint)
         elif resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE \
                 and self.assert_hostname is not False:
-            match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(),
-                           self.assert_hostname or hostname)
+            cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
+            if not cert.get('subjectAltName', ()):
+                warnings.warn((
+                    'Certificate has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a `commonName` for now. '
+                    'This feature is being removed by major browsers and deprecated by RFC 2818. '
+                    '(See https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/497 for details.)'),
+                    SecurityWarning
+                )
+            match_hostname(cert, self.assert_hostname or hostname)
 
         self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
                             or self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
@@ -244,3 +260,5 @@ if ssl:
     # Make a copy for testing.
     UnverifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
     HTTPSConnection = VerifiedHTTPSConnection
+else:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
index 9cc2a95..117269a 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from .connection import (
     port_by_scheme,
     DummyConnection,
     HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection, VerifiedHTTPSConnection,
-    HTTPException, BaseSSLError,
+    HTTPException, BaseSSLError, ConnectionError
 )
 from .request import RequestMethods
 from .response import HTTPResponse
@@ -72,6 +72,21 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
         return '%s(host=%r, port=%r)' % (type(self).__name__,
                                          self.host, self.port)
 
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def close():
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
 # This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
 _blocking_errnos = set([errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK])
 
@@ -266,6 +281,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         """
         pass
 
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        # Nothing to do for HTTP connections.
+        pass
+
     def _get_timeout(self, timeout):
         """ Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` """
         if timeout is _Default:
@@ -278,6 +297,23 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # can be removed later
             return Timeout.from_float(timeout)
 
+    def _raise_timeout(self, err, url, timeout_value):
+        """Is the error actually a timeout? Will raise a ReadTimeout or pass"""
+
+        if isinstance(err, SocketTimeout):
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
+        # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
+        if hasattr(err, 'errno') and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
+        # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
+        # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
+        if 'timed out' in str(err) or 'did not complete (read)' in str(err):  # Python 2.6
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value)
+
     def _make_request(self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default,
                       **httplib_request_kw):
         """
@@ -301,7 +337,12 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
 
         # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
-        self._validate_conn(conn)
+        try:
+            self._validate_conn(conn)
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
+            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
+            raise
 
         # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
         # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
@@ -327,32 +368,12 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         # Receive the response from the server
         try:
-            try:  # Python 2.7+, use buffering of HTTP responses
+            try:  # Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
                 httplib_response = conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
             except TypeError:  # Python 2.6 and older
                 httplib_response = conn.getresponse()
-        except SocketTimeout:
-            raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
-
-        except BaseSSLError as e:
-            # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
-            # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
-            # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
-            if 'timed out' in str(e) or \
-               'did not complete (read)' in str(e):  # Python 2.6
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                        self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
-
-            raise
-
-        except SocketError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2
-            # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we
-            # have to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
-            if e.errno in _blocking_errnos:
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
-
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
             raise
 
         # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
@@ -508,11 +529,18 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         try:
             # Request a connection from the queue.
+            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
             conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
 
+            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(conn, 'sock', None)
+            if is_new_proxy_conn:
+                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
+
             # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
             httplib_response = self._make_request(conn, method, url,
-                                                  timeout=timeout,
+                                                  timeout=timeout_obj,
                                                   body=body, headers=headers)
 
             # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
@@ -537,26 +565,36 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             raise EmptyPoolError(self, "No pool connections are available.")
 
         except (BaseSSLError, CertificateError) as e:
-            # Release connection unconditionally because there is no way to
-            # close it externally in case of exception.
-            release_conn = True
+            # Close the connection. If a connection is reused on which there
+            # was a Certificate error, the next request will certainly raise
+            # another Certificate error.
+            if conn:
+                conn.close()
+                conn = None
             raise SSLError(e)
 
-        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError) as e:
+        except SSLError:
+            # Treat SSLError separately from BaseSSLError to preserve
+            # traceback.
+            if conn:
+                conn.close()
+                conn = None
+            raise
+
+        except (TimeoutError, HTTPException, SocketError, ConnectionError) as e:
             if conn:
                 # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
                 # be replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
                 conn.close()
                 conn = None
 
-            stacktrace = sys.exc_info()[2]
             if isinstance(e, SocketError) and self.proxy:
                 e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
             elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
                 e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
 
-            retries = retries.increment(method, url, error=e,
-                                        _pool=self, _stacktrace=stacktrace)
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, error=e, _pool=self,
+                                        _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])
             retries.sleep()
 
             # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
@@ -668,23 +706,25 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                           assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint)
             conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
 
-        if self.proxy is not None:
-            # Python 2.7+
-            try:
-                set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
-            except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
-                set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
+        return conn
 
-            if sys.version_info <= (2, 6, 4) and not self.proxy_headers:   # Python 2.6.4 and older
-                set_tunnel(self.host, self.port)
-            else:
-                set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        """
+        Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
+        would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
+        """
+        # Python 2.7+
+        try:
+            set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
+        except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+            set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
 
-            # Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
-            # would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
-            conn.connect()
+        if sys.version_info <= (2, 6, 4) and not self.proxy_headers:   # Python 2.6.4 and older
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port)
+        else:
+            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
 
-        return conn
+        conn.connect()
 
     def _new_conn(self):
         """
@@ -695,7 +735,6 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                  % (self.num_connections, self.host))
 
         if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:
-            # Platform-specific: Python without ssl
             raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "
                            "module is not available.")
 
@@ -725,8 +764,7 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             warnings.warn((
                 'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
                 'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
-                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html '
-                '(This warning will only appear once by default.)'),
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'),
                 InsecureRequestWarning)
 
 
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
index 24de9e4..b2c34a8 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Now you can use :mod:`urllib3` as you normally would, and it will support SNI
 when the required modules are installed.
 
 Activating this module also has the positive side effect of disabling SSL/TLS
-encryption in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
+compression in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
 
 If you want to configure the default list of supported cipher suites, you can
 set the ``urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST`` variable.
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ Module Variables
 ----------------
 
 :var DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST: The list of supported SSL/TLS cipher suites.
-    Default: ``ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:
-    ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS``
 
 .. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
 .. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
@@ -70,9 +68,14 @@ HAS_SNI = SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
 # Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
 _openssl_versions = {
     ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
-    ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD,
     ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
 }
+
+try:
+    _openssl_versions.update({ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD})
+except AttributeError:
+    pass
+
 _openssl_verify = {
     ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
     ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
@@ -80,22 +83,7 @@ _openssl_verify = {
                        + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
 }
 
-# A secure default.
-# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
-#
-# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
-# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
-# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
-#
-# The general intent is:
-# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
-# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
-# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
-# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
-# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
-DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = "ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:" + \
-    "ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+3DES:" + \
-    "!aNULL:!MD5:!DSS"
+DEFAULT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST = util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS
 
 
 orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
@@ -186,6 +174,11 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
                 return b''
             else:
                 raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError as e:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise
         except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
             rd, wd, ed = select.select(
                 [self.socket], [], [], self.socket.gettimeout())
@@ -199,8 +192,21 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
     def settimeout(self, timeout):
         return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
 
+    def _send_until_done(self, data):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.send(data)
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError:
+                _, wlist, _ = select.select([], [self.socket], [],
+                                            self.socket.gettimeout())
+                if not wlist:
+                    raise timeout()
+                continue
+
     def sendall(self, data):
-        return self.connection.sendall(data)
+        while len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(data)
+            data = data[sent:]
 
     def close(self):
         if self._makefile_refs < 1:
@@ -248,6 +254,7 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
                     ssl_version=None):
     ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(_openssl_versions[ssl_version])
     if certfile:
+        keyfile = keyfile or certfile  # Match behaviour of the normal python ssl library
         ctx.use_certificate_file(certfile)
     if keyfile:
         ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile)
@@ -275,7 +282,9 @@ def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
         try:
             cnx.do_handshake()
         except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-            select.select([sock], [], [])
+            rd, _, _ = select.select([sock], [], [], sock.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('select timed out')
             continue
         except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
             raise ssl.SSLError('bad handshake', e)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
index 7519ba9..31bda1c 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
@@ -72,11 +72,8 @@ class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
     def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
         self.reason = reason
 
-        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s" % url
-        if reason:
-            message += " (Caused by %r)" % reason
-        else:
-            message += " (Caused by redirect)"
+        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (
+            url, reason)
 
         RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
 
@@ -141,6 +138,12 @@ class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
         self.location = location
 
 
+class ResponseError(HTTPError):
+    "Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."
+    GENERIC_ERROR = 'too many error responses'
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = 'too many {status_code} error responses'
+
+
 class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
     "Warned when perfoming security reducing actions"
     pass
@@ -154,3 +157,13 @@ class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
 class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
     "Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"
     pass
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when certain SSL configuration is not available on a platform."
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    "Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."
+    pass
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
index 515dc96..b8d1e74 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ except ImportError:
 from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
 from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
 from .connectionpool import port_by_scheme
-from .exceptions import LocationValueError
+from .exceptions import LocationValueError, MaxRetryError
 from .request import RequestMethods
 from .util.url import parse_url
 from .util.retry import Retry
@@ -64,6 +64,14 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools,
                                            dispose_func=lambda p: p.close())
 
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.clear()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
     def _new_pool(self, scheme, host, port):
         """
         Create a new :class:`ConnectionPool` based on host, port and scheme.
@@ -167,7 +175,14 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
             retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
 
-        kw['retries'] = retries.increment(method, redirect_location)
+        try:
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
+        except MaxRetryError:
+            if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                raise
+            return response
+
+        kw['retries'] = retries
         kw['redirect'] = redirect
 
         log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
index 51fe238..b08d6c9 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
@@ -118,18 +118,24 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
         string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
         """
-        if encode_multipart:
-            body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(
-                fields or {}, boundary=multipart_boundary)
-        else:
-            body, content_type = (urlencode(fields or {}),
-                                  'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
-
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
 
-        headers_ = {'Content-Type': content_type}
-        headers_.update(headers)
+        extra_kw = {'headers': {}}
+
+        if fields:
+            if 'body' in urlopen_kw:
+                raise TypeError('request got values for both \'fields\' and \'body\', can only specify one.')
+
+            if encode_multipart:
+                body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=multipart_boundary)
+            else:
+                body, content_type = urlencode(fields), 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+
+            extra_kw['body'] = body
+            extra_kw['headers'] = {'Content-Type': content_type}
+
+        extra_kw['headers'].update(headers)
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
 
-        return self.urlopen(method, url, body=body, headers=headers_,
-                            **urlopen_kw)
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
index e69de95..24140c4 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
+try:
+    import http.client as httplib
+except ImportError:
+    import httplib
 import zlib
 import io
 from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
 
 from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
-from .exceptions import ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError
-from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type
+from .exceptions import (
+    ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ResponseNotChunked
+)
+from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type, PY3
 from .connection import HTTPException, BaseSSLError
 from .util.response import is_fp_closed
 
 
-
 class DeflateDecoder(object):
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -21,6 +26,9 @@ class DeflateDecoder(object):
         return getattr(self._obj, name)
 
     def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+
         if not self._first_try:
             return self._obj.decompress(data)
 
@@ -36,9 +44,23 @@ class DeflateDecoder(object):
                 self._data = None
 
 
+class GzipDecoder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+        return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+
 def _get_decoder(mode):
     if mode == 'gzip':
-        return zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        return GzipDecoder()
 
     return DeflateDecoder()
 
@@ -76,9 +98,10 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                  strict=0, preload_content=True, decode_content=True,
                  original_response=None, pool=None, connection=None):
 
-        self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
-        if headers:
-            self.headers.update(headers)
+        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            self.headers = headers
+        else:
+            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)
         self.status = status
         self.version = version
         self.reason = reason
@@ -100,7 +123,17 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         if hasattr(body, 'read'):
             self._fp = body
 
-        if preload_content and not self._body:
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunked = False
+        self.chunk_left = None
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get('transfer-encoding', '').lower()
+        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
+        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
+        if "chunked" in encodings:
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        # We certainly don't want to preload content when the response is chunked.
+        if not self.chunked and preload_content and not self._body:
             self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
 
     def get_redirect_location(self):
@@ -140,6 +173,35 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         """
         return self._fp_bytes_read
 
+    def _init_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessar.
+        """
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+        if self._decoder is None and content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
+            self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+
+    def _decode(self, data, decode_content, flush_decoder):
+        """
+        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
+        """
+        try:
+            if decode_content and self._decoder:
+                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
+        except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
+            raise DecodeError(
+                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
+                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
+
+        if flush_decoder and decode_content and self._decoder:
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(binary_type())
+            data += buf + self._decoder.flush()
+
+        return data
+
     def read(self, amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False):
         """
         Similar to :meth:`httplib.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
@@ -161,12 +223,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
             set.)
         """
-        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
-        # Section 3.2
-        content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
-        if self._decoder is None:
-            if content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
-                self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+        self._init_decoder()
         if decode_content is None:
             decode_content = self.decode_content
 
@@ -202,7 +259,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
 
             except BaseSSLError as e:
                 # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
-                if not 'read operation timed out' in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                if 'read operation timed out' not in str(e):  # Defensive:
                     # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
                     # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
                     raise
@@ -215,17 +272,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
 
             self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
 
-            try:
-                if decode_content and self._decoder:
-                    data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
-            except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
-                raise DecodeError(
-                    "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
-                    "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
-
-            if flush_decoder and decode_content and self._decoder:
-                buf = self._decoder.decompress(binary_type())
-                data += buf + self._decoder.flush()
+            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
 
             if cache_content:
                 self._body = data
@@ -252,11 +299,15 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
             'content-encoding' header.
         """
-        while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
-            data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+        if self.chunked:
+            for line in self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content):
+                yield line
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
 
-            if data:
-                yield data
+                if data:
+                    yield data
 
     @classmethod
     def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
@@ -267,14 +318,16 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along
         with ``original_response=r``.
         """
-
-        headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
-        for k, v in r.getheaders():
-            headers.add(k, v)
+        headers = r.msg
+        if not isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            if PY3: # Python 3
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers.items())
+            else: # Python 2
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict.from_httplib(headers)
 
         # HTTPResponse objects in Python 3 don't have a .strict attribute
         strict = getattr(r, 'strict', 0)
-        return ResponseCls(body=r,
+        resp = ResponseCls(body=r,
                            headers=headers,
                            status=r.status,
                            version=r.version,
@@ -282,6 +335,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
                            strict=strict,
                            original_response=r,
                            **response_kw)
+        return resp
 
     # Backwards-compatibility methods for httplib.HTTPResponse
     def getheaders(self):
@@ -331,3 +385,82 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         else:
             b[:len(temp)] = temp
             return len(temp)
+
+    def _update_chunk_length(self):
+        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+        # we'll try to read it from socket.
+        if self.chunk_left is not None:
+            return
+        line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+        line = line.split(b';', 1)[0]
+        try:
+            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+            self.close()
+            raise httplib.IncompleteRead(line)
+
+    def _handle_chunk(self, amt):
+        returned_chunk = None
+        if amt is None:
+            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            returned_chunk = chunk
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        elif amt < self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+            returned_chunk = value
+        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+            returned_chunk = value
+        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        return returned_chunk
+
+    def read_chunked(self, amt=None, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
+        parameter: ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked("Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing.")
+
+        if self._original_response and self._original_response._method.upper() == 'HEAD':
+            # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
+            # FIXME: Can we do this somehow without accessing private httplib _method?
+            self._original_response.close()
+            return
+
+        while True:
+            self._update_chunk_length()
+            if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                break
+            chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
+            yield self._decode(chunk, decode_content=decode_content,
+                               flush_decoder=True)
+
+        # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+        while True:
+            line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+            if not line:
+                # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                break
+            if line == b'\r\n':
+                break
+
+        # We read everything; close the "file".
+        if self._original_response:
+            self._original_response.close()
+        self.release_conn()
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
index 2156993..859aec6 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
             err = _
             if sock is not None:
                 sock.close()
+                sock = None
 
     if err is not None:
         raise err
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
index eb560df..7e0959d 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ import time
 import logging
 
 from ..exceptions import (
-    ProtocolError,
     ConnectTimeoutError,
-    ReadTimeoutError,
     MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
 )
 from ..packages import six
 
@@ -36,7 +37,6 @@ class Retry(object):
     Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
     retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
 
-
     :param int total:
         Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
 
@@ -184,13 +184,13 @@ class Retry(object):
         return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
 
     def _is_read_error(self, err):
-        """ Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we can't
-        assume that the server did not process any of it.
+        """ Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we should
+        assume that the server began processing it.
         """
         return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
 
     def is_forced_retry(self, method, status_code):
-        """ Is this method/response retryable? (Based on method/codes whitelists)
+        """ Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on method/codes whitelists)
         """
         if self.method_whitelist and method.upper() not in self.method_whitelist:
             return False
@@ -198,8 +198,7 @@ class Retry(object):
         return self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist
 
     def is_exhausted(self):
-        """ Are we out of retries?
-        """
+        """ Are we out of retries? """
         retry_counts = (self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect)
         retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
         if not retry_counts:
@@ -230,6 +229,7 @@ class Retry(object):
         connect = self.connect
         read = self.read
         redirect = self.redirect
+        cause = 'unknown'
 
         if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
             # Connect retry?
@@ -251,10 +251,16 @@ class Retry(object):
             # Redirect retry?
             if redirect is not None:
                 redirect -= 1
+            cause = 'too many redirects'
 
         else:
-            # FIXME: Nothing changed, scenario doesn't make sense.
+            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
+            # status_forcelist and a the given method is in the whitelist
             _observed_errors += 1
+            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
+            if response and response.status:
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(
+                    status_code=response.status)
 
         new_retry = self.new(
             total=total,
@@ -262,7 +268,7 @@ class Retry(object):
             _observed_errors=_observed_errors)
 
         if new_retry.is_exhausted():
-            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error)
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
 
         log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r" % (url, new_retry))
 
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
index 9cfe2d2..b846d42 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
@@ -1,21 +1,107 @@
 from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
-from hashlib import md5, sha1
+from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
 
-from ..exceptions import SSLError
+from ..exceptions import SSLError, InsecurePlatformWarning
 
 
-try:  # Test for SSL features
-    SSLContext = None
-    HAS_SNI = False
+SSLContext = None
+HAS_SNI = False
+create_default_context = None
+
+import errno
+import warnings
 
+try:  # Test for SSL features
     import ssl
     from ssl import wrap_socket, CERT_NONE, PROTOCOL_SSLv23
-    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
     from ssl import HAS_SNI  # Has SNI?
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 
+try:
+    from ssl import OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3, OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x1000000, 0x2000000
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+
+# A secure default.
+# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
+#
+# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
+# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
+# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
+#
+# The general intent is:
+# - Prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
+# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
+# - prefer any AES-GCM over any AES-CBC for better performance and security,
+# - use 3DES as fallback which is secure but slow,
+# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs and DSS for security reasons.
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = (
+    'ECDH+AESGCM:DH+AESGCM:ECDH+AES256:DH+AES256:ECDH+AES128:DH+AES:ECDH+HIGH:'
+    'DH+HIGH:ECDH+3DES:DH+3DES:RSA+AESGCM:RSA+AES:RSA+HIGH:RSA+3DES:!aNULL:'
+    '!eNULL:!MD5'
+)
+
+try:
+    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
+except ImportError:
+    import sys
+
+    class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2 & 3.1
+        supports_set_ciphers = ((2, 7) <= sys.version_info < (3,) or
+                                (3, 2) <= sys.version_info)
+
+        def __init__(self, protocol_version):
+            self.protocol = protocol_version
+            # Use default values from a real SSLContext
+            self.check_hostname = False
+            self.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.ca_certs = None
+            self.options = 0
+            self.certfile = None
+            self.keyfile = None
+            self.ciphers = None
+
+        def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile):
+            self.certfile = certfile
+            self.keyfile = keyfile
+
+        def load_verify_locations(self, location):
+            self.ca_certs = location
+
+        def set_ciphers(self, cipher_suite):
+            if not self.supports_set_ciphers:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'Your version of Python does not support setting '
+                    'a custom cipher suite. Please upgrade to Python '
+                    '2.7, 3.2, or later if you need this functionality.'
+                )
+            self.ciphers = cipher_suite
+
+        def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents '
+                'urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause '
+                'certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html'
+                '#insecureplatformwarning.',
+                InsecurePlatformWarning
+            )
+            kwargs = {
+                'keyfile': self.keyfile,
+                'certfile': self.certfile,
+                'ca_certs': self.ca_certs,
+                'cert_reqs': self.verify_mode,
+                'ssl_version': self.protocol,
+            }
+            if self.supports_set_ciphers:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.7+
+                return wrap_socket(socket, ciphers=self.ciphers, **kwargs)
+            else:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+                return wrap_socket(socket, **kwargs)
+
+
 def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
     """
     Checks if given fingerprint matches the supplied certificate.
@@ -30,7 +116,8 @@ def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
     # this digest.
     hashfunc_map = {
         16: md5,
-        20: sha1
+        20: sha1,
+        32: sha256,
     }
 
     fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
@@ -91,42 +178,103 @@ def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
     return candidate
 
 
-if SSLContext is not None:  # Python 3.2+
-    def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
-                        ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
-                        ssl_version=None):
-        """
-        All arguments except `server_hostname` have the same meaning as for
-        :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`
-
-        :param server_hostname:
-            Hostname of the expected certificate
-        """
-        context = SSLContext(ssl_version)
-        context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
-
-        # Disable TLS compression to migitate CRIME attack (issue #309)
-        OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
-        context.options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
-
-        if ca_certs:
-            try:
-                context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs)
-            # Py32 raises IOError
-            # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError
-            except Exception as e:  # Reraise as SSLError
+def create_urllib3_context(ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                           options=None, ciphers=None):
+    """All arguments have the same meaning as ``ssl_wrap_socket``.
+
+    By default, this function does a lot of the same work that
+    ``ssl.create_default_context`` does on Python 3.4+. It:
+
+    - Disables SSLv2, SSLv3, and compression
+    - Sets a restricted set of server ciphers
+
+    If you wish to enable SSLv3, you can do::
+
+        from urllib3.util import ssl_
+        context = ssl_.create_urllib3_context()
+        context.options &= ~ssl_.OP_NO_SSLv3
+
+    You can do the same to enable compression (substituting ``COMPRESSION``
+    for ``SSLv3`` in the last line above).
+
+    :param ssl_version:
+        The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+        the server and your installation of OpenSSL support.
+    :param cert_reqs:
+        Whether to require the certificate verification. This defaults to
+        ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``.
+    :param options:
+        Specific OpenSSL options. These default to ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2``,
+        ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3``, ``ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION``.
+    :param ciphers:
+        Which cipher suites to allow the server to select.
+    :returns:
+        Constructed SSLContext object with specified options
+    :rtype: SSLContext
+    """
+    context = SSLContext(ssl_version or ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = 0
+        # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv2
+        # SSLv3 has several problems and is now dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv3
+        # Disable compression to prevent CRIME attacks for OpenSSL 1.0+
+        # (issue #309)
+        options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+
+    context.options |= options
+
+    if getattr(context, 'supports_set_ciphers', True):  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
+        context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
+
+    context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+    if getattr(context, 'check_hostname', None) is not None:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
+        # We do our own verification, including fingerprints and alternative
+        # hostnames. So disable it here
+        context.check_hostname = False
+    return context
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
+                    ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
+                    ssl_version=None, ciphers=None, ssl_context=None):
+    """
+    All arguments except for server_hostname and ssl_context have the same
+    meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
+
+    :param server_hostname:
+        When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
+    :param ssl_context:
+        A pre-made :class:`SSLContext` object. If none is provided, one will
+        be created using :func:`create_urllib3_context`.
+    :param ciphers:
+        A string of ciphers we wish the client to support. This is not
+        supported on Python 2.6 as the ssl module does not support it.
+    """
+    context = ssl_context
+    if context is None:
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs,
+                                         ciphers=ciphers)
+
+    if ca_certs:
+        try:
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs)
+        except IOError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.2
+            raise SSLError(e)
+        # Py33 raises FileNotFoundError which subclasses OSError
+        # These are not equivalent unless we check the errno attribute
+        except OSError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.3 and beyond
+            if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                 raise SSLError(e)
-        if certfile:
-            # FIXME: This block needs a test.
-            context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
-        if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
-            return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
-        return context.wrap_socket(sock)
-
-else:  # Python 3.1 and earlier
-    def ssl_wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=None, certfile=None, cert_reqs=None,
-                        ca_certs=None, server_hostname=None,
-                        ssl_version=None):
-        return wrap_socket(sock, keyfile=keyfile, certfile=certfile,
-                           ca_certs=ca_certs, cert_reqs=cert_reqs,
-                           ssl_version=ssl_version)
+            raise
+    if certfile:
+        context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
+    if HAS_SNI:  # Platform-specific: OpenSSL with enabled SNI
+        return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+    return context.wrap_socket(sock)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
index 487d456..e58050c 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
 
     def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None,
                 query=None, fragment=None):
+        if path and not path.startswith('/'):
+            path = '/' + path
         return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path,
                                        query, fragment)
 
@@ -40,6 +42,48 @@ class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
             return '%s:%d' % (self.host, self.port)
         return self.host
 
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """
+        Convert self into a url
+
+        This function should more or less round-trip with :func:`.parse_url`. The
+        returned url may not be exactly the same as the url inputted to
+        :func:`.parse_url`, but it should be equivalent by the RFC (e.g., urls
+        with a blank port will have : removed).
+
+        Example: ::
+
+            >>> U = parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+            >>> U.url
+            'http://google.com/mail/'
+            >>> Url('http', 'username:password', 'host.com', 80,
+            ... '/path', 'query', 'fragment').url
+            'http://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment'
+        """
+        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
+        url = ''
+
+        # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
+        if scheme is not None:
+            url += scheme + '://'
+        if auth is not None:
+            url += auth + '@'
+        if host is not None:
+            url += host
+        if port is not None:
+            url += ':' + str(port)
+        if path is not None:
+            url += path
+        if query is not None:
+            url += '?' + query
+        if fragment is not None:
+            url += '#' + fragment
+
+        return url
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
 
 def split_first(s, delims):
     """
@@ -84,7 +128,7 @@ def parse_url(url):
     Example::
 
         >>> parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
-        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/', ...)
+        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/mail/', ...)
         >>> parse_url('google.com:80')
         Url(scheme=None, host='google.com', port=80, path=None, ...)
         >>> parse_url('/foo?bar')
@@ -162,7 +206,6 @@ def parse_url(url):
 
     return Url(scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
 
-
 def get_host(url):
     """
     Deprecated. Use :func:`.parse_url` instead.
diff --git a/requests/sessions.py b/requests/sessions.py
index d701ff2..820919e 100644
--- a/requests/sessions.py
+++ b/requests/sessions.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from collections import Mapping
 from datetime import datetime
 
 from .auth import _basic_auth_str
-from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse, builtin_str
+from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse
 from .cookies import (
     cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, RequestsCookieJar, merge_cookies)
 from .models import Request, PreparedRequest, DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
 from .utils import to_key_val_list, default_headers, to_native_string
 from .exceptions import (
     TooManyRedirects, InvalidSchema, ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
+from .packages.urllib3._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
 from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
@@ -35,6 +36,8 @@ from .status_codes import codes
 # formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
 from .models import REDIRECT_STATI
 
+REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE = 1000
+
 
 def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
     """
@@ -87,7 +90,7 @@ def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
 
 class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
     def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None,
-                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None):
+                          verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, **adapter_kwargs):
         """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
 
         i = 0
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
             # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
             # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
-            if not urlparse(url).netloc:
+            if not parsed.netloc:
                 url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
             else:
                 url = requote_uri(url)
@@ -168,7 +171,10 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             except KeyError:
                 pass
 
-            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
             prepared_request._cookies.update(self.cookies)
             prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
 
@@ -187,6 +193,7 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
                 cert=cert,
                 proxies=proxies,
                 allow_redirects=False,
+                **adapter_kwargs
             )
 
             extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
@@ -273,7 +280,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
     __attrs__ = [
         'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
         'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
-        'max_redirects', 'redirect_cache'
+        'max_redirects',
     ]
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -327,7 +334,8 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
         self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
 
-        self.redirect_cache = {}
+        # Only store 1000 redirects to prevent using infinite memory
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
 
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
@@ -425,7 +433,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
         """
 
-        method = builtin_str(method)
+        method = to_native_string(method)
 
         # Create the Request.
         req = Request(
@@ -553,10 +561,6 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
         allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
         stream = kwargs.get('stream')
-        timeout = kwargs.get('timeout')
-        verify = kwargs.get('verify')
-        cert = kwargs.get('cert')
-        proxies = kwargs.get('proxies')
         hooks = request.hooks
 
         # Get the appropriate adapter to use
@@ -584,12 +588,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
 
         # Redirect resolving generator.
-        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request,
-            stream=stream,
-            timeout=timeout,
-            verify=verify,
-            cert=cert,
-            proxies=proxies)
+        gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
 
         # Resolve redirects if allowed.
         history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else []
@@ -658,12 +657,19 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
 
     def __getstate__(self):
-        return dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
+        state = dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__)
+        state['redirect_cache'] = dict(self.redirect_cache)
+        return state
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
+        redirect_cache = state.pop('redirect_cache', {})
         for attr, value in state.items():
             setattr(self, attr, value)
 
+        self.redirect_cache = RecentlyUsedContainer(REDIRECT_CACHE_SIZE)
+        for redirect, to in redirect_cache.items():
+            self.redirect_cache[redirect] = to
+
 
 def session():
     """Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management."""
diff --git a/requests/utils.py b/requests/utils.py
index 1868f86..8fba62d 100644
--- a/requests/utils.py
+++ b/requests/utils.py
@@ -19,12 +19,14 @@ import re
 import sys
 import socket
 import struct
+import warnings
 
 from . import __version__
 from . import certs
 from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
 from .compat import (quote, urlparse, bytes, str, OrderedDict, unquote, is_py2,
-                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse)
+                     builtin_str, getproxies, proxy_bypass, urlunparse,
+                     basestring)
 from .cookies import RequestsCookieJar, cookiejar_from_dict
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 from .exceptions import InvalidURL
@@ -114,7 +116,8 @@ def get_netrc_auth(url):
 def guess_filename(obj):
     """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
     name = getattr(obj, 'name', None)
-    if name and name[0] != '<' and name[-1] != '>':
+    if (name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != '<' and
+            name[-1] != '>'):
         return os.path.basename(name)
 
 
@@ -287,6 +290,11 @@ def get_encodings_from_content(content):
 
     :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
     """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
 
     charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
     pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
@@ -354,6 +362,11 @@ def get_unicode_from_response(r):
     2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
 
     """
+    warnings.warn((
+        'In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For '
+        'more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This'
+        ' warning should only appear once.)'),
+        DeprecationWarning)
 
     tried_encodings = []
 
@@ -407,10 +420,18 @@ def requote_uri(uri):
     This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
     ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
     """
-    # Unquote only the unreserved characters
-    # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved, unreserved,
-    # or '%')
-    return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe="!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~")
+    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    try:
+        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
+        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
+        # unreserved, or '%')
+        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
+    except InvalidURL:
+        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
+        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
+        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
+        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
 
 
 def address_in_network(ip, net):
@@ -567,7 +588,7 @@ def parse_header_links(value):
 
     replace_chars = " '\""
 
-    for val in value.split(","):
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
         try:
             url, params = val.split(";", 1)
         except ValueError: