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[[!meta title="Prometheus in early 2016"]]
[[!taglink Prometheus]] ([[website|http://prometheus.io/]]) has been used on
and off by [[!taglink Thread]] since May 2015 (before I [[joined in
June|posts/first_week_at_thread]]). Its a [[!taglink free_software]] time
series database which is very useful for monitoring systems and services.
There was a brief gap in use, but then I set it up again in October, driven by
the need to monitor machine resources, and monitor the length of the queues
(Thread use [[django lightweight
queue|https://github.com/thread/django-lightweight-queue]]). This proved very
useful, as suddenly when a problem arose, you could look at the queues and
machine stats which helped greatly in determining the correct course of action.
When using Prometheus, the server scrapes metrics from services that expose
them (e.g. the prometheus-node-exporter). This is a common pattern, and I had
already thrown together a exporter for django lightweight queue (that just
simply got the data out of redis), so as new and interesting problems occured,
I began looking at how Prometheus could be used to provide better visiblity.
## PGBouncer
The first issue that I addressed was a fun issue with exausting the pgbouncer
connection pool. The first time this happened, it was only noticed as emails
were being sent really slowly, and eventually it was determined that this was
due to workers waiting for a database connection. [[!taglink PGBouncer]] does
expose metrics, but having them in Prometheus makes them accessible, so I wrote
a [[Prometheus exporter for
PGBouncer|http://git.cbaines.net/prometheus-pgbouncer-exporter/about/]].
The data from this is displayed on relevant dashboards in Grafana, and has
helped more than once to quickly solve issues. Recently, the
prometheus-pgbouncer-exporter was [[accepted in to
Debian|https://tracker.debian.org/news/753455]], which will hopefully make it
easy for others to install and use.
## HAProxy logs
With the success of the PGBouncer exporter, I recently started working on
another exporter, this time for [[!taglink HAProxy]]. Now, there is already a
HAProxy exporter, but the metrics which I wanted (per HTTP request path rates,
per HTTP request path response duration histograms, ...) are not something that
it offers (as it just exposes metrics on the status page). These are something
that you can get from the HAProxy logs, and there are [[existing libraries to
parse this|https://github.com/gforcada/haproxy_log_analysis]], which made it
easier to put together an exporter.
It was using the data from the HAProxy log exporter that I began to get a
better grasp on the power of aggregating metrics. The HAProxy log exporter,
exports a metric haproxy_log_requests_total and this can have a number of
labels (status_code, frontend_name, backend_name, server_name,
http_request_path, http_request_method, client_ip, client_port). Say you enable
the status_code, server_name and http_request_method labels, then, if you want
to get a rate of requests per status code (e.g. to check the rate of HTTP 500
responses), you just run:
sum(rate(haproxy_log_requests_total[1m])) by (status_code)
[[!img request_rate_by_status_code.png
caption="Per second request rates, split by status code (key shown at the bottom)"
]]
Perhaps you want to compare the performance of two servers for the different
request paths, you would run:
sum(
rate(haproxy_log_requests_total[1m])
) by (
http_request_path, server_name
)
[[!img request_rate_by_request_path.png
caption="Each metric represents the request rate for a single request path (e.g. /foo) for a single server"
]]
And everything you can do with a simple counter, you can also do with
histograms for response duration. So say you want to know how a particular
request path is being handled over a set of servers, you can run:
histogram_quantile(
0.95,
sum(
rate(haproxy_log_response_processing_milliseconds_bucket[20m])
) by (
http_request_path, le, server_name
)
)
[[!img response_processing_duration_by_server_and_request_path.png
caption="Each metric represents the 95 percentile request rate for a single request path, for a single server"
]]
This last query is aggregating the culamative histograms exported for each set
of label values, allowing very flexible views on the response processing
duration.
## Next steps
At the moment, both exporters are running fine. The PGBouncer exporter is in
Debian, and I am planning to do the same with the HAProxy log exporter
(however, this will take a little longer as there are missing dependencies).
The next things I am interested in exploring in Prometheus is its capability to
make metrics avaialble for automated alerting.
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