Imported Upstream version 2.4.3

42 files changed, 1586 insertions, 776 deletions

diff --git a/HISTORY.rst b/HISTORY.rst
index 2e39b86..0d0d216 100644
--- a/HISTORY.rst
+++ b/HISTORY.rst
@@ -3,6 +3,62 @@
 Release History
 ---------------
 
+2.4.3 (2014-10-06)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
+- Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
+- Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (`#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>`_)
+
+
+2.4.2 (2014-10-05)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (`#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>`_)
+- Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (`#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>`_)
+
+**Bugfixes**
+
+- Avoid getting stuck in a loop (`#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>`_)
+- Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (`#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>`_, `#2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>`_)
+
+**Documentation**
+
+- Correct redirection introduction (`#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>`_)
+- Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (`#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>`_)
+- Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (`#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>`_)
+
+
+
+2.4.1 (2014-09-09)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+- Now has a "security" package extras set, ``$ pip install requests[security]``
+- Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
+- Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
+- Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).
+
+
+2.4.0 (2014-08-29)
+++++++++++++++++++
+
+**Behavioral Changes**
+
+- ``Connection: keep-alive`` header is now sent automatically.
+
+**Improvements**
+
+- Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
+- Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
+- Updated bundled urllib3 version.
+- Refactored settings loading from environment — new `Session.merge_environment_settings`.
+- Handle socket errors in iter_content.
+
+
 2.3.0 (2014-05-16)
 ++++++++++++++++++
 
@@ -16,7 +72,7 @@ Release History
 - The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted.
   Proxy schemes now default to ``http://``.
 - The ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal
-  dictionary when references as string or viewd in the interpreter.
+  dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.
 
 **Bugfixes**
 
diff --git a/NOTICE b/NOTICE
index 223101a..f583e47 100644
--- a/NOTICE
+++ b/NOTICE
@@ -8,21 +8,24 @@ This is the MIT license: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
 Copyright 2008-2011 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt),
 Modifications copyright 2012 Kenneth Reitz.
 
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
-software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
-without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
-publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons
-to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or
-substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
-INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
-PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
-OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
-DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
 Chardet License
 ===============
diff --git a/PKG-INFO b/PKG-INFO
index fb219aa..6220998 100644
--- a/PKG-INFO
+++ b/PKG-INFO
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 1.1
 Name: requests
-Version: 2.3.0
+Version: 2.4.3
 Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
 Home-page: http://python-requests.org
 Author: Kenneth Reitz
@@ -98,6 +98,62 @@ Description: Requests: HTTP for Humans
         Release History
         ---------------
         
+        2.4.3 (2014-10-06)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
+        - Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
+        - Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (`#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>`_)
+        
+        
+        2.4.2 (2014-10-05)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Improvements**
+        
+        - FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (`#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>`_)
+        - Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (`#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>`_)
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Avoid getting stuck in a loop (`#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>`_)
+        - Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (`#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>`_, `#2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>`_)
+        
+        **Documentation**
+        
+        - Correct redirection introduction (`#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>`_)
+        - Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (`#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>`_)
+        - Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (`#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>`_)
+        
+        
+        
+        2.4.1 (2014-09-09)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Now has a "security" package extras set, ``$ pip install requests[security]``
+        - Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
+        - Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
+        - Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).
+        
+        
+        2.4.0 (2014-08-29)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Behavioral Changes**
+        
+        - ``Connection: keep-alive`` header is now sent automatically.
+        
+        **Improvements**
+        
+        - Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
+        - Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
+        - Updated bundled urllib3 version.
+        - Refactored settings loading from environment — new `Session.merge_environment_settings`.
+        - Handle socket errors in iter_content.
+        
+        
         2.3.0 (2014-05-16)
         ++++++++++++++++++
         
@@ -111,7 +167,7 @@ Description: Requests: HTTP for Humans
         - The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted.
           Proxy schemes now default to ``http://``.
         - The ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal
-          dictionary when references as string or viewd in the interpreter.
+          dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.
         
         **Bugfixes**
         
@@ -904,3 +960,4 @@ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
diff --git a/requests.egg-info/PKG-INFO b/requests.egg-info/PKG-INFO
index fb219aa..6220998 100644
--- a/requests.egg-info/PKG-INFO
+++ b/requests.egg-info/PKG-INFO
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Metadata-Version: 1.1
 Name: requests
-Version: 2.3.0
+Version: 2.4.3
 Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
 Home-page: http://python-requests.org
 Author: Kenneth Reitz
@@ -98,6 +98,62 @@ Description: Requests: HTTP for Humans
         Release History
         ---------------
         
+        2.4.3 (2014-10-06)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Unicode URL improvements for Python 2.
+        - Re-order JSON param for backwards compat.
+        - Automatically defrag authentication schemes from host/pass URIs. (`#2249 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2249>`_)
+        
+        
+        2.4.2 (2014-10-05)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Improvements**
+        
+        - FINALLY! Add json parameter for uploads! (`#2258 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2258>`_)
+        - Support for bytestring URLs on Python 3.x (`#2238 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238>`_)
+        
+        **Bugfixes**
+        
+        - Avoid getting stuck in a loop (`#2244 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2244>`_)
+        - Multiple calls to iter* fail with unhelpful error. (`#2240 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2240>`_, `#2241 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2241>`_)
+        
+        **Documentation**
+        
+        - Correct redirection introduction (`#2245 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2245/>`_)
+        - Added example of how to send multiple files in one request. (`#2227 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2227/>`_)
+        - Clarify how to pass a custom set of CAs (`#2248 <https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2248/>`_)
+        
+        
+        
+        2.4.1 (2014-09-09)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        - Now has a "security" package extras set, ``$ pip install requests[security]``
+        - Requests will now use Certifi if it is available.
+        - Capture and re-raise urllib3 ProtocolError
+        - Bugfix for responses that attempt to redirect to themselves forever (wtf?).
+        
+        
+        2.4.0 (2014-08-29)
+        ++++++++++++++++++
+        
+        **Behavioral Changes**
+        
+        - ``Connection: keep-alive`` header is now sent automatically.
+        
+        **Improvements**
+        
+        - Support for connect timeouts! Timeout now accepts a tuple (connect, read) which is used to set individual connect and read timeouts.
+        - Allow copying of PreparedRequests without headers/cookies.
+        - Updated bundled urllib3 version.
+        - Refactored settings loading from environment — new `Session.merge_environment_settings`.
+        - Handle socket errors in iter_content.
+        
+        
         2.3.0 (2014-05-16)
         ++++++++++++++++++
         
@@ -111,7 +167,7 @@ Description: Requests: HTTP for Humans
         - The change in v2.0.0 to mandate explicit proxy schemes has been reverted.
           Proxy schemes now default to ``http://``.
         - The ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` used for HTTP headers now behaves like a normal
-          dictionary when references as string or viewd in the interpreter.
+          dictionary when references as string or viewed in the interpreter.
         
         **Bugfixes**
         
@@ -904,3 +960,4 @@ Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6
 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
 Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
diff --git a/requests.egg-info/SOURCES.txt b/requests.egg-info/SOURCES.txt
index 7824b58..865011f 100644
--- a/requests.egg-info/SOURCES.txt
+++ b/requests.egg-info/SOURCES.txt
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ requests.egg-info/PKG-INFO
 requests.egg-info/SOURCES.txt
 requests.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
 requests.egg-info/not-zip-safe
+requests.egg-info/requires.txt
 requests.egg-info/top_level.txt
 requests/packages/__init__.py
 requests/packages/chardet/__init__.py
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
 requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
 requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
 requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
+requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
 requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
 requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
 requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/requests.egg-info/requires.txt b/requests.egg-info/requires.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99755a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requests.egg-info/requires.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+
+[security]
+pyOpenSSL
+ndg-httpsclient
+pyasn1
diff --git a/requests/__init__.py b/requests/__init__.py
index bba1900..d5e1956 100644
--- a/requests/__init__.py
+++ b/requests/__init__.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings. Basic GET
 usage:
 
    >>> import requests
-   >>> r = requests.get('http://python.org')
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
    >>> r.status_code
    200
    >>> 'Python is a programming language' in r.content
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ usage:
 ... or POST:
 
    >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
-   >>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
+   >>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
    >>> print(r.text)
    {
      ...
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ is at <http://python-requests.org>.
 """
 
 __title__ = 'requests'
-__version__ = '2.3.0'
-__build__ = 0x020300
+__version__ = '2.4.3'
+__build__ = 0x020403
 __author__ = 'Kenneth Reitz'
 __license__ = 'Apache 2.0'
 __copyright__ = 'Copyright 2014 Kenneth Reitz'
diff --git a/requests/adapters.py b/requests/adapters.py
index eb7a2d2..abb25d1 100644
--- a/requests/adapters.py
+++ b/requests/adapters.py
@@ -11,20 +11,24 @@ and maintain connections.
 import socket
 
 from .models import Response
+from .packages.urllib3 import Retry
 from .packages.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
 from .packages.urllib3.response import HTTPResponse
 from .packages.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
-from .compat import urlparse, basestring, urldefrag, unquote
+from .compat import urlparse, basestring
 from .utils import (DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH, get_encoding_from_headers,
-                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url)
+                    prepend_scheme_if_needed, get_auth_from_url, urldefragauth)
 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import TimeoutError
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import MaxRetryError
 from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ProtocolError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
 from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
-from .exceptions import ConnectionError, Timeout, SSLError, ProxyError
+from .exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout, ReadTimeout, SSLError,
+                         ProxyError)
 from .auth import _basic_auth_str
 
 DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
@@ -101,14 +105,17 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         self.init_poolmanager(self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize,
                               block=self._pool_block)
 
-    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
-        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager. This method should not be called
-        from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs):
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
         :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
 
         :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
         :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
         :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
         """
         # save these values for pickling
         self._pool_connections = connections
@@ -116,7 +123,30 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         self._pool_block = block
 
         self.poolmanager = PoolManager(num_pools=connections, maxsize=maxsize,
-                                       block=block)
+                                       block=block, **pool_kwargs)
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        """
+        if not proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs)
+
+        return self.proxy_manager[proxy]
 
     def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
         """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
@@ -204,17 +234,8 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
         if proxy:
             proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, 'http')
-            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
-
-            if not proxy in self.proxy_manager:
-                self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
-                                                proxy,
-                                                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
-                                                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
-                                                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
-                                                block=self._pool_block)
-
-            conn = self.proxy_manager[proxy].connection_from_url(url)
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
         else:
             # Only scheme should be lower case
             parsed = urlparse(url)
@@ -249,7 +270,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         proxy = proxies.get(scheme)
 
         if proxy and scheme != 'https':
-            url, _ = urldefrag(request.url)
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
         else:
             url = request.path_url
 
@@ -296,7 +317,10 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
         :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
         :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
-        :param timeout: (optional) The timeout on the request.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read
+            timeout <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
         :param verify: (optional) Whether to verify SSL certificates.
         :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
         :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
@@ -310,7 +334,18 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
 
         chunked = not (request.body is None or 'Content-Length' in request.headers)
 
-        timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                # this may raise a string formatting error.
+                err = ("Invalid timeout {0}. Pass a (connect, read) "
+                       "timeout tuple, or a single float to set "
+                       "both timeouts to the same value".format(timeout))
+                raise ValueError(err)
+        else:
+            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
 
         try:
             if not chunked:
@@ -323,7 +358,7 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                     assert_same_host=False,
                     preload_content=False,
                     decode_content=False,
-                    retries=self.max_retries,
+                    retries=Retry(self.max_retries, read=False),
                     timeout=timeout
                 )
 
@@ -368,10 +403,13 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
                     # All is well, return the connection to the pool.
                     conn._put_conn(low_conn)
 
-        except socket.error as sockerr:
-            raise ConnectionError(sockerr, request=request)
+        except (ProtocolError, socket.error) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
 
         except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
             raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
 
         except _ProxyError as e:
@@ -380,8 +418,8 @@ class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
         except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
             if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
                 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
-            elif isinstance(e, TimeoutError):
-                raise Timeout(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
             else:
                 raise
 
diff --git a/requests/api.py b/requests/api.py
index 01d853d..4eaaf9e 100644
--- a/requests/api.py
+++ b/requests/api.py
@@ -22,12 +22,17 @@ def request(method, url, **kwargs):
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
-    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': ('filename', fileobj)}) for multipart encoding upload.
+    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
-    :param timeout: (optional) Float describing the timeout of the request in seconds.
+    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
+        before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read timeout
+        <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+    :type timeout: float or tuple
     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
+    :type allow_redirects: bool
     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
     :param verify: (optional) if ``True``, the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided.
     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
@@ -77,15 +82,16 @@ def head(url, **kwargs):
     return request('head', url, **kwargs)
 
 
-def post(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
     """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
 
     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
     :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
     """
 
-    return request('post', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
 
 def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
diff --git a/requests/auth.py b/requests/auth.py
index 9f831b7..9b6426d 100644
--- a/requests/auth.py
+++ b/requests/auth.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from base64 import b64encode
 
 from .compat import urlparse, str
 from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
-from .utils import parse_dict_header
+from .utils import parse_dict_header, to_native_string
 
 CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
 CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@ CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = 'multipart/form-data'
 def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
     """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
 
-    return 'Basic ' + b64encode(('%s:%s' % (username, password)).encode('latin1')).strip().decode('latin1')
+    authstr = 'Basic ' + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(('%s:%s' % (username, password)).encode('latin1')).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
 
 
 class AuthBase(object):
diff --git a/requests/certs.py b/requests/certs.py
index bc00826..07e6475 100644
--- a/requests/certs.py
+++ b/requests/certs.py
@@ -11,14 +11,15 @@ If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
 environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
 packaged CA bundle.
 """
-
 import os.path
 
-
-def where():
-    """Return the preferred certificate bundle."""
-    # vendored bundle inside Requests
-    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'cacert.pem')
+try:
+    from certifi import where
+except ImportError:
+    def where():
+        """Return the preferred certificate bundle."""
+        # vendored bundle inside Requests
+        return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'cacert.pem')
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     print(where())
diff --git a/requests/compat.py b/requests/compat.py
index bdf10d6..be5a1ed 100644
--- a/requests/compat.py
+++ b/requests/compat.py
@@ -75,7 +75,9 @@ is_solaris = ('solar==' in str(sys.platform).lower())   # Complete guess.
 
 try:
     import simplejson as json
-except ImportError:
+except (ImportError, SyntaxError):
+    # simplejson does not support Python 3.2, it thows a SyntaxError
+    # because of u'...' Unicode literals.
     import json
 
 # ---------
@@ -90,7 +92,6 @@ if is_py2:
     from Cookie import Morsel
     from StringIO import StringIO
     from .packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict import OrderedDict
-    from httplib import IncompleteRead
 
     builtin_str = str
     bytes = str
@@ -106,7 +107,6 @@ elif is_py3:
     from http.cookies import Morsel
     from io import StringIO
     from collections import OrderedDict
-    from http.client import IncompleteRead
 
     builtin_str = str
     str = str
diff --git a/requests/exceptions.py b/requests/exceptions.py
index a4ee9d6..34c7a0d 100644
--- a/requests/exceptions.py
+++ b/requests/exceptions.py
@@ -44,7 +44,23 @@ class SSLError(ConnectionError):
 
 
 class Timeout(RequestException):
-    """The request timed out."""
+    """The request timed out.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
+    """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
+
+    Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
+    """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
 
 
 class URLRequired(RequestException):
@@ -73,3 +89,6 @@ class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
 
 class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
     """Failed to decode response content"""
+
+class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
+    """The content for this response was already consumed"""
diff --git a/requests/models.py b/requests/models.py
index 120968f..17e5598 100644
--- a/requests/models.py
+++ b/requests/models.py
@@ -19,31 +19,36 @@ from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header
 from .packages.urllib3.fields import RequestField
 from .packages.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .packages.urllib3.util import parse_url
-from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import DecodeError
+from .packages.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError)
 from .exceptions import (
-    HTTPError, RequestException, MissingSchema, InvalidURL,
-    ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError)
+    HTTPError, RequestException, MissingSchema, InvalidURL, 
+    ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, ConnectionError, 
+    StreamConsumedError)
 from .utils import (
     guess_filename, get_auth_from_url, requote_uri,
     stream_decode_response_unicode, to_key_val_list, parse_header_links,
     iter_slices, guess_json_utf, super_len, to_native_string)
 from .compat import (
     cookielib, urlunparse, urlsplit, urlencode, str, bytes, StringIO,
-    is_py2, chardet, json, builtin_str, basestring, IncompleteRead)
+    is_py2, chardet, json, builtin_str, basestring)
 from .status_codes import codes
 
 #: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
 #: processable redirect.
 REDIRECT_STATI = (
-    codes.moved,  # 301
-    codes.found,  # 302
-    codes.other,  # 303
-    codes.temporary_moved,  # 307
+    codes.moved,              # 301
+    codes.found,              # 302
+    codes.other,              # 303
+    codes.temporary_redirect, # 307
+    codes.permanent_redirect, # 308
 )
 DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
 CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
 ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
 
+json_dumps = json.dumps
+
 
 class RequestEncodingMixin(object):
     @property
@@ -187,7 +192,8 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
     :param url: URL to send.
     :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
     :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
-    :param data: the body to attach the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
+    :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary is provided, form-encoding will take place.
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if data is not specified).
     :param params: dictionary of URL parameters to append to the URL.
     :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
     :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
@@ -210,7 +216,8 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
         params=None,
         auth=None,
         cookies=None,
-        hooks=None):
+        hooks=None,
+        json=None):
 
         # Default empty dicts for dict params.
         data = [] if data is None else data
@@ -228,6 +235,7 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
         self.headers = headers
         self.files = files
         self.data = data
+        self.json = json
         self.params = params
         self.auth = auth
         self.cookies = cookies
@@ -244,6 +252,7 @@ class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
             headers=self.headers,
             files=self.files,
             data=self.data,
+            json=self.json,
             params=self.params,
             auth=self.auth,
             cookies=self.cookies,
@@ -287,14 +296,15 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         self.hooks = default_hooks()
 
     def prepare(self, method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None,
-                data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None):
+                data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None,
+                json=None):
         """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
 
         self.prepare_method(method)
         self.prepare_url(url, params)
         self.prepare_headers(headers)
         self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
-        self.prepare_body(data, files)
+        self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
         self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
         # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
         # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
@@ -309,8 +319,8 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         p = PreparedRequest()
         p.method = self.method
         p.url = self.url
-        p.headers = self.headers.copy()
-        p._cookies = self._cookies.copy()
+        p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
+        p._cookies = self._cookies.copy() if self._cookies is not None else None
         p.body = self.body
         p.hooks = self.hooks
         return p
@@ -324,15 +334,18 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
     def prepare_url(self, url, params):
         """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
         #: Accept objects that have string representations.
-        try:
-            url = unicode(url)
-        except NameError:
-            # We're on Python 3.
-            url = str(url)
-        except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            pass
-
-        # Don't do any URL preparation for oddball schemes
+        #: We're unable to blindy call unicode/str functions
+        #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
+        #: on python 3.x.
+        #: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2238
+        if isinstance(url, bytes):
+            url = url.decode('utf8')
+        else:
+            url = unicode(url) if is_py2 else str(url)
+
+        # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
+        # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
+        # handles RFC 3986 only.
         if ':' in url and not url.lower().startswith('http'):
             self.url = url
             return
@@ -395,7 +408,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         else:
             self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
 
-    def prepare_body(self, data, files):
+    def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None):
         """Prepares the given HTTP body data."""
 
         # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator.
@@ -406,6 +419,10 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
         content_type = None
         length = None
 
+        if json is not None:
+            content_type = 'application/json'
+            body = json_dumps(json)
+
         is_stream = all([
             hasattr(data, '__iter__'),
             not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, dict))
@@ -431,9 +448,9 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             if files:
                 (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
             else:
-                if data:
+                if data and json is None:
                     body = self._encode_params(data)
-                    if isinstance(data, str) or isinstance(data, builtin_str) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, 'read'):
                         content_type = None
                     else:
                         content_type = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
@@ -441,7 +458,7 @@ class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
             self.prepare_content_length(body)
 
             # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
-            if (content_type) and (not 'content-type' in self.headers):
+            if content_type and ('content-type' not in self.headers):
                 self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
 
         self.body = body
@@ -556,6 +573,10 @@ class Response(object):
         #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta)
         self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
 
+        #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
+        #: is a response.
+        self.request = None
+
     def __getstate__(self):
         # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes
         # sure the content has been fully read.
@@ -606,6 +627,11 @@ class Response(object):
         return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI)
 
     @property
+    def is_permanent_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response one of the permanant versions of redirect"""
+        return ('location' in self.headers and self.status_code in (codes.moved_permanently, codes.permanent_redirect))
+
+    @property
     def apparent_encoding(self):
         """The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library"""
         return chardet.detect(self.content)['encoding']
@@ -626,10 +652,12 @@ class Response(object):
                 try:
                     for chunk in self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True):
                         yield chunk
-                except IncompleteRead as e:
+                except ProtocolError as e:
                     raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
                 except DecodeError as e:
                     raise ContentDecodingError(e)
+                except ReadTimeoutError as e:
+                    raise ConnectionError(e)
             except AttributeError:
                 # Standard file-like object.
                 while True:
@@ -640,6 +668,8 @@ class Response(object):
 
             self._content_consumed = True
 
+        if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
+            raise StreamConsumedError()
         # simulate reading small chunks of the content
         reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
 
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
index 73071f7..4b36b5a 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/__init__.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/__init__.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 """
 urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.
 """
@@ -23,7 +17,10 @@ from . import exceptions
 from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
 from .poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
 from .response import HTTPResponse
-from .util import make_headers, get_host, Timeout
+from .util.request import make_headers
+from .util.url import get_host
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.retry import Retry
 
 
 # Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
@@ -51,8 +48,19 @@ def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
     handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s'))
     logger.addHandler(handler)
     logger.setLevel(level)
-    logger.debug('Added an stderr logging handler to logger: %s' % __name__)
+    logger.debug('Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s' % __name__)
     return handler
 
 # ... Clean up.
 del NullHandler
+
+
+# Set security warning to only go off once by default.
+import warnings
+warnings.simplefilter('module', exceptions.SecurityWarning)
+
+def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
+    """
+    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
index 9cea3a4..d77ebb8 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/_collections.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/_collections.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
 try:
     from threading import RLock
@@ -116,7 +110,7 @@ class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
     A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
 
     Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
-    RFC 2616. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
     case-insensitive pair.
 
     Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
index 5feb332..c6e1959 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/connection.py
@@ -1,95 +1,133 @@
-# urllib3/connection.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
+import datetime
 import sys
 import socket
 from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+import warnings
 
-try: # Python 3
+try:  # Python 3
     from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection, HTTPException
 except ImportError:
     from httplib import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection, HTTPException
 
+
 class DummyConnection(object):
     "Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."
     pass
 
-try: # Compiled with SSL?
-    ssl = None
+
+try:  # Compiled with SSL?
     HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection
+    import ssl
+    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
+    ssl = None
 
     class BaseSSLError(BaseException):
         pass
 
-    try: # Python 3
-        from http.client import HTTPSConnection as _HTTPSConnection
-    except ImportError:
-        from httplib import HTTPSConnection as _HTTPSConnection
-
-    import ssl
-    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
-
-except (ImportError, AttributeError): # Platform-specific: No SSL.
-    pass
 
 from .exceptions import (
     ConnectTimeoutError,
+    SystemTimeWarning,
 )
 from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import match_hostname
 from .packages import six
-from .util import (
-    assert_fingerprint,
+
+from .util.ssl_ import (
     resolve_cert_reqs,
     resolve_ssl_version,
     ssl_wrap_socket,
+    assert_fingerprint,
 )
 
+from .util import connection
+
 
 port_by_scheme = {
     'http': 80,
     'https': 443,
 }
 
+RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2014, 1, 1)
+
 
 class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
     """
     Based on httplib.HTTPConnection but provides an extra constructor
     backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.
+
+    Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection.
+    Accepted parameters include:
+
+      - ``strict``: See the documentation on :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+      - ``source_address``: Set the source address for the current connection.
+
+        .. note:: This is ignored for Python 2.6. It is only applied for 2.7 and 3.x
+
+      - ``socket_options``: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then
+        defaults are loaded from ``HTTPConnection.default_socket_options`` which includes disabling
+        Nagle's algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.
+
+        For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults,
+        you might pass::
+
+            HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
+                (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
+            ]
+
+        Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
     """
 
     default_port = port_by_scheme['http']
 
-    # By default, disable Nagle's Algorithm.
-    tcp_nodelay = 1
+    #: Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
+    #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
+    default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+
+    #: Whether this connection verifies the host's certificate.
+    is_verified = False
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
         if six.PY3:  # Python 3
             kw.pop('strict', None)
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 and older
-            kw.pop('source_address', None)
 
         # Pre-set source_address in case we have an older Python like 2.6.
         self.source_address = kw.get('source_address')
 
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6
+            # _HTTPConnection on Python 2.6 will balk at this keyword arg, but
+            # not newer versions. We can still use it when creating a
+            # connection though, so we pop it *after* we have saved it as
+            # self.source_address.
+            kw.pop('source_address', None)
+
+        #: The socket options provided by the user. If no options are
+        #: provided, we use the default options.
+        self.socket_options = kw.pop('socket_options', self.default_socket_options)
+
         # Superclass also sets self.source_address in Python 2.7+.
-        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)  
+        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
 
     def _new_conn(self):
         """ Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
 
-        :return: a new socket connection
+        :return: New socket connection.
         """
-        extra_args = []
-        if self.source_address:  # Python 2.7+
-            extra_args.append(self.source_address)
+        extra_kw = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw['source_address'] = self.source_address
 
-        conn = socket.create_connection(
-            (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, *extra_args)
-        conn.setsockopt(
-            socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, self.tcp_nodelay)
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw['socket_options'] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = connection.create_connection(
+                (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw)
+
+        except SocketTimeout:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
+                (self.host, self.timeout))
 
         return conn
 
@@ -101,6 +139,8 @@ class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
         if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', None):
             # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
             self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
 
     def connect(self):
         conn = self._new_conn()
@@ -137,7 +177,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
     cert_reqs = None
     ca_certs = None
     ssl_version = None
-    conn_kw = {}
+    assert_fingerprint = None
 
     def set_cert(self, key_file=None, cert_file=None,
                  cert_reqs=None, ca_certs=None,
@@ -152,18 +192,7 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
 
     def connect(self):
         # Add certificate verification
-
-        try:
-            sock = socket.create_connection(
-                address=(self.host, self.port), timeout=self.timeout,
-                **self.conn_kw)
-        except SocketTimeout:
-            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
-                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self.host, self.timeout))
-
-        sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY,
-                        self.tcp_nodelay)
+        conn = self._new_conn()
 
         resolved_cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(self.cert_reqs)
         resolved_ssl_version = resolve_ssl_version(self.ssl_version)
@@ -173,29 +202,42 @@ class VerifiedHTTPSConnection(HTTPSConnection):
             # _tunnel_host was added in Python 2.6.3
             # (See: http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/0f57b30a152f)
 
-            self.sock = sock
+            self.sock = conn
             # Calls self._set_hostport(), so self.host is
             # self._tunnel_host below.
             self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
 
             # Override the host with the one we're requesting data from.
             hostname = self._tunnel_host
 
+        is_time_off = datetime.date.today() < RECENT_DATE
+        if is_time_off:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably '
+                'lead to SSL verification errors').format(RECENT_DATE),
+                SystemTimeWarning
+            )
+
         # Wrap socket using verification with the root certs in
         # trusted_root_certs
-        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(conn, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
                                     cert_reqs=resolved_cert_reqs,
                                     ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
                                     server_hostname=hostname,
                                     ssl_version=resolved_ssl_version)
 
-        if resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE:
-            if self.assert_fingerprint:
-                assert_fingerprint(self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
-                                   self.assert_fingerprint)
-            elif self.assert_hostname is not False:
-                match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(),
-                               self.assert_hostname or hostname)
+        if self.assert_fingerprint:
+            assert_fingerprint(self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True),
+                               self.assert_fingerprint)
+        elif resolved_cert_reqs != ssl.CERT_NONE \
+                and self.assert_hostname is not False:
+            match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(),
+                           self.assert_hostname or hostname)
+
+        self.is_verified = (resolved_cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+                            or self.assert_fingerprint is not None)
 
 
 if ssl:
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
index 95a53a7..9cc2a95 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
-# urllib3/connectionpool.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
-import sys
 import errno
 import logging
+import sys
+import warnings
 
 from socket import error as SocketError, timeout as SocketTimeout
 import socket
 
-try: # Python 3
+try:  # Python 3
     from queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
 except ImportError:
     from Queue import LifoQueue, Empty, Full
@@ -20,16 +15,16 @@ except ImportError:
 
 from .exceptions import (
     ClosedPoolError,
-    ConnectionError,
-    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    ProtocolError,
     EmptyPoolError,
     HostChangedError,
-    LocationParseError,
+    LocationValueError,
     MaxRetryError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
     SSLError,
     TimeoutError,
-    ReadTimeoutError,
-    ProxyError,
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
 )
 from .packages.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
 from .packages import six
@@ -41,11 +36,11 @@ from .connection import (
 )
 from .request import RequestMethods
 from .response import HTTPResponse
-from .util import (
-    get_host,
-    is_connection_dropped,
-    Timeout,
-)
+
+from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import get_host
 
 
 xrange = six.moves.xrange
@@ -54,8 +49,8 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _Default = object()
 
-## Pool objects
 
+## Pool objects
 class ConnectionPool(object):
     """
     Base class for all connection pools, such as
@@ -66,13 +61,11 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
     QueueCls = LifoQueue
 
     def __init__(self, host, port=None):
-        if host is None:
-            raise LocationParseError(host)
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
 
         # httplib doesn't like it when we include brackets in ipv6 addresses
-        host = host.strip('[]')
-
-        self.host = host
+        self.host = host.strip('[]')
         self.port = port
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -82,6 +75,7 @@ class ConnectionPool(object):
 # This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
 _blocking_errnos = set([errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK])
 
+
 class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
     """
     Thread-safe connection pool for one host.
@@ -126,6 +120,9 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
         explicitly.
 
+    :param retries:
+        Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool.
+
     :param _proxy:
         Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see
         :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
@@ -133,6 +130,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
     :param _proxy_headers:
         A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly,
         instead, see :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`"
+
+    :param \**conn_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
+        :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
     """
 
     scheme = 'http'
@@ -140,18 +141,22 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
     def __init__(self, host, port=None, strict=False,
                  timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1, block=False,
-                 headers=None, _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None, **conn_kw):
+                 headers=None, retries=None,
+                 _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
+                 **conn_kw):
         ConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port)
         RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
 
         self.strict = strict
 
-        # This is for backwards compatibility and can be removed once a timeout
-        # can only be set to a Timeout object
         if not isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
             timeout = Timeout.from_float(timeout)
 
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = Retry.DEFAULT
+
         self.timeout = timeout
+        self.retries = retries
 
         self.pool = self.QueueCls(maxsize)
         self.block = block
@@ -166,11 +171,14 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         # These are mostly for testing and debugging purposes.
         self.num_connections = 0
         self.num_requests = 0
-
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 and older
-            conn_kw.pop('source_address', None)
         self.conn_kw = conn_kw
 
+        if self.proxy:
+            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
+            # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
+            # list.
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault('socket_options', [])
+
     def _new_conn(self):
         """
         Return a fresh :class:`HTTPConnection`.
@@ -182,10 +190,6 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=self.host, port=self.port,
                                   timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
                                   strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
-        if self.proxy is not None:
-            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet
-            # fragmentation.
-            conn.tcp_nodelay = 0
         return conn
 
     def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
@@ -204,7 +208,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         try:
             conn = self.pool.get(block=self.block, timeout=timeout)
 
-        except AttributeError: # self.pool is None
+        except AttributeError:  # self.pool is None
             raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.")
 
         except Empty:
@@ -218,6 +222,11 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if conn and is_connection_dropped(conn):
             log.info("Resetting dropped connection: %s" % self.host)
             conn.close()
+            if getattr(conn, 'auto_open', 1) == 0:
+                # This is a proxied connection that has been mutated by
+                # httplib._tunnel() and cannot be reused (since it would
+                # attempt to bypass the proxy)
+                conn = None
 
         return conn or self._new_conn()
 
@@ -237,7 +246,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         """
         try:
             self.pool.put(conn, block=False)
-            return # Everything is dandy, done.
+            return  # Everything is dandy, done.
         except AttributeError:
             # self.pool is None.
             pass
@@ -251,6 +260,12 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if conn:
             conn.close()
 
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        pass
+
     def _get_timeout(self, timeout):
         """ Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` """
         if timeout is _Default:
@@ -282,23 +297,21 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         self.num_requests += 1
 
         timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+        timeout_obj.start_connect()
+        conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
 
-        try:
-            timeout_obj.start_connect()
-            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
-            # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
-            # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
-            conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
-        except SocketTimeout:
-            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
-                self, "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)" %
-                (self.host, timeout_obj.connect_timeout))
+        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
+        self._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # conn.request() calls httplib.*.request, not the method in
+        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
+        conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
 
         # Reset the timeout for the recv() on the socket
         read_timeout = timeout_obj.read_timeout
 
         # App Engine doesn't have a sock attr
-        if hasattr(conn, 'sock'):
+        if getattr(conn, 'sock', None):
             # In Python 3 socket.py will catch EAGAIN and return None when you
             # try and read into the file pointer created by http.client, which
             # instead raises a BadStatusLine exception. Instead of catching
@@ -306,18 +319,17 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # timeouts, check for a zero timeout before making the request.
             if read_timeout == 0:
                 raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                    self, url,
-                    "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
+                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
             if read_timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
                 conn.sock.settimeout(socket.getdefaulttimeout())
-            else: # None or a value
+            else:  # None or a value
                 conn.sock.settimeout(read_timeout)
 
         # Receive the response from the server
         try:
-            try: # Python 2.7+, use buffering of HTTP responses
+            try:  # Python 2.7+, use buffering of HTTP responses
                 httplib_response = conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
-            except TypeError: # Python 2.6 and older
+            except TypeError:  # Python 2.6 and older
                 httplib_response = conn.getresponse()
         except SocketTimeout:
             raise ReadTimeoutError(
@@ -329,17 +341,17 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
             if 'timed out' in str(e) or \
                'did not complete (read)' in str(e):  # Python 2.6
-                raise ReadTimeoutError(self, url, "Read timed out.")
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                        self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
 
             raise
 
-        except SocketError as e: # Platform-specific: Python 2
+        except SocketError as e:  # Platform-specific: Python 2
             # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we
             # have to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
             if e.errno in _blocking_errnos:
                 raise ReadTimeoutError(
-                    self, url,
-                    "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
+                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout)
 
             raise
 
@@ -364,7 +376,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
                     conn.close()
 
         except Empty:
-            pass # Done.
+            pass  # Done.
 
     def is_same_host(self, url):
         """
@@ -385,7 +397,7 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         return (scheme, host, port) == (self.scheme, self.host, self.port)
 
-    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=3,
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None,
                 redirect=True, assert_same_host=True, timeout=_Default,
                 pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, **response_kw):
         """
@@ -419,9 +431,20 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
             these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
 
         :param retries:
-            Number of retries to allow before raising a MaxRetryError exception.
-            If `False`, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
-            immediately.
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
 
         :param redirect:
             If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
@@ -460,15 +483,15 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
 
-        if retries < 0 and retries is not False:
-            raise MaxRetryError(self, url)
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
 
         if release_conn is None:
             release_conn = response_kw.get('preload_content', True)
 
         # Check host
         if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
-            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries - 1)
+            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
 
         conn = None
 
@@ -484,10 +507,10 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
         err = None
 
         try:
-            # Request a connection from the queue
+            # Request a connection from the queue.
             conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
 
-            # Make the request on the httplib connection object
+            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
             httplib_response = self._make_request(conn, method, url,
                                                   timeout=timeout,
                                                   body=body, headers=headers)
@@ -526,21 +549,15 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
                 conn.close()
                 conn = None
 
-            if not retries:
-                if isinstance(e, TimeoutError):
-                    # TimeoutError is exempt from MaxRetryError-wrapping.
-                    # FIXME: ... Not sure why. Add a reason here.
-                    raise
-
-                # Wrap unexpected exceptions with the most appropriate
-                # module-level exception and re-raise.
-                if isinstance(e, SocketError) and self.proxy:
-                    raise ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            stacktrace = sys.exc_info()[2]
+            if isinstance(e, SocketError) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError('Cannot connect to proxy.', e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
+                e = ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', e)
 
-                if retries is False:
-                    raise ConnectionError('Connection failed.', e)
-
-                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, e)
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, error=e,
+                                        _pool=self, _stacktrace=stacktrace)
+            retries.sleep()
 
             # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
             err = e
@@ -554,23 +571,43 @@ class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
 
         if not conn:
             # Try again
-            log.warning("Retrying (%d attempts remain) after connection "
+            log.warning("Retrying (%r) after connection "
                         "broken by '%r': %s" % (retries, err, url))
-            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers, retries - 1,
+            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers, retries,
                                 redirect, assert_same_host,
                                 timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
                                 release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
 
         # Handle redirect?
         redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
-        if redirect_location and retries is not False:
+        if redirect_location:
             if response.status == 303:
                 method = 'GET'
+
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    raise
+                return response
+
             log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
             return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, body, headers,
-                                retries - 1, redirect, assert_same_host,
-                                timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
-                                release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+                    retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                    assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                    timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                    release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        if retries.is_forced_retry(method, status_code=response.status):
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            retries.sleep()
+            log.info("Forced retry: %s" % url)
+            return self.urlopen(method, url, body, headers,
+                    retries=retries, redirect=redirect,
+                    assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                    timeout=timeout, pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                    release_conn=release_conn, **response_kw)
 
         return response
 
@@ -597,19 +634,17 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
     ConnectionCls = HTTPSConnection
 
     def __init__(self, host, port=None,
-                 strict=False, timeout=None, maxsize=1,
-                 block=False, headers=None,
+                 strict=False, timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, maxsize=1,
+                 block=False, headers=None, retries=None,
                  _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None,
                  key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None,
                  ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None,
                  assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None,
                  **conn_kw):
 
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Python 2.6 or older
-            conn_kw.pop('source_address', None)
-
         HTTPConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port, strict, timeout, maxsize,
-                                    block, headers, _proxy, _proxy_headers, **conn_kw)
+                                    block, headers, retries, _proxy, _proxy_headers,
+                                    **conn_kw)
         self.key_file = key_file
         self.cert_file = cert_file
         self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
@@ -617,7 +652,6 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
         self.ssl_version = ssl_version
         self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
         self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
-        self.conn_kw = conn_kw
 
     def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
         """
@@ -633,7 +667,6 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                           assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
                           assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint)
             conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
-            conn.conn_kw = self.conn_kw
 
         if self.proxy is not None:
             # Python 2.7+
@@ -641,7 +674,12 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
                 set_tunnel = conn.set_tunnel
             except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2.6
                 set_tunnel = conn._set_tunnel
-            set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+
+            if sys.version_info <= (2, 6, 4) and not self.proxy_headers:   # Python 2.6.4 and older
+                set_tunnel(self.host, self.port)
+            else:
+                set_tunnel(self.host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+
             # Establish tunnel connection early, because otherwise httplib
             # would improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
             conn.connect()
@@ -667,21 +705,30 @@ class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
             actual_host = self.proxy.host
             actual_port = self.proxy.port
 
-        extra_params = {}
-        if not six.PY3:  # Python 2
-            extra_params['strict'] = self.strict
-        extra_params.update(self.conn_kw)
-
         conn = self.ConnectionCls(host=actual_host, port=actual_port,
                                   timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
-                                  **extra_params)
-        if self.proxy is not None:
-            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet
-            # fragmentation.
-            conn.tcp_nodelay = 0
+                                  strict=self.strict, **self.conn_kw)
 
         return self._prepare_conn(conn)
 
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        super(HTTPSConnectionPool, self)._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # Force connect early to allow us to validate the connection.
+        if not getattr(conn, 'sock', None):  # AppEngine might not have  `.sock`
+            conn.connect()
+
+        if not conn.is_verified:
+            warnings.warn((
+                'Unverified HTTPS request is being made. '
+                'Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: '
+                'https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html '
+                '(This warning will only appear once by default.)'),
+                InsecureRequestWarning)
+
 
 def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
     """
@@ -698,7 +745,7 @@ def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
         :class:`.ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like
         timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
         >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
index b8cd933..c6b266f 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 """
 NTLM authenticating pool, contributed by erikcederstran
 
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
index 21a12c6..24de9e4 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -46,15 +46,18 @@ Module Variables
 
 '''
 
-from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
-from ndg.httpsclient.subj_alt_name import SubjectAltName as BaseSubjectAltName
+try:
+    from ndg.httpsclient.ssl_peer_verification import SUBJ_ALT_NAME_SUPPORT
+    from ndg.httpsclient.subj_alt_name import SubjectAltName as BaseSubjectAltName
+except SyntaxError as e:
+    raise ImportError(e)
+
 import OpenSSL.SSL
 from pyasn1.codec.der import decoder as der_decoder
 from pyasn1.type import univ, constraint
 from socket import _fileobject, timeout
 import ssl
 import select
-from cStringIO import StringIO
 
 from .. import connection
 from .. import util
@@ -155,196 +158,43 @@ def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
     return dns_name
 
 
-class fileobject(_fileobject):
-
-    def _wait_for_sock(self):
-        rd, wd, ed = select.select([self._sock], [], [],
-                                   self._sock.gettimeout())
-        if not rd:
-            raise timeout()
-
-
-    def read(self, size=-1):
-        # Use max, disallow tiny reads in a loop as they are very inefficient.
-        # We never leave read() with any leftover data from a new recv() call
-        # in our internal buffer.
-        rbufsize = max(self._rbufsize, self.default_bufsize)
-        # Our use of StringIO rather than lists of string objects returned by
-        # recv() minimizes memory usage and fragmentation that occurs when
-        # rbufsize is large compared to the typical return value of recv().
-        buf = self._rbuf
-        buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-        if size < 0:
-            # Read until EOF
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(rbufsize)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                buf.write(data)
-            return buf.getvalue()
-        else:
-            # Read until size bytes or EOF seen, whichever comes first
-            buf_len = buf.tell()
-            if buf_len >= size:
-                # Already have size bytes in our buffer?  Extract and return.
-                buf.seek(0)
-                rv = buf.read(size)
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()
-                self._rbuf.write(buf.read())
-                return rv
-
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                left = size - buf_len
-                # recv() will malloc the amount of memory given as its
-                # parameter even though it often returns much less data
-                # than that.  The returned data string is short lived
-                # as we copy it into a StringIO and free it.  This avoids
-                # fragmentation issues on many platforms.
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(left)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                n = len(data)
-                if n == size and not buf_len:
-                    # Shortcut.  Avoid buffer data copies when:
-                    # - We have no data in our buffer.
-                    # AND
-                    # - Our call to recv returned exactly the
-                    #   number of bytes we were asked to read.
-                    return data
-                if n == left:
-                    buf.write(data)
-                    del data  # explicit free
-                    break
-                assert n <= left, "recv(%d) returned %d bytes" % (left, n)
-                buf.write(data)
-                buf_len += n
-                del data  # explicit free
-                #assert buf_len == buf.tell()
-            return buf.getvalue()
-
-    def readline(self, size=-1):
-        buf = self._rbuf
-        buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-        if buf.tell() > 0:
-            # check if we already have it in our buffer
-            buf.seek(0)
-            bline = buf.readline(size)
-            if bline.endswith('\n') or len(bline) == size:
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()
-                self._rbuf.write(buf.read())
-                return bline
-            del bline
-        if size < 0:
-            # Read until \n or EOF, whichever comes first
-            if self._rbufsize <= 1:
-                # Speed up unbuffered case
-                buf.seek(0)
-                buffers = [buf.read()]
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-                data = None
-                recv = self._sock.recv
-                while True:
-                    try:
-                        while data != "\n":
-                            data = recv(1)
-                            if not data:
-                                break
-                            buffers.append(data)
-                    except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                        self._wait_for_sock()
-                        continue
-                    break
-                return "".join(buffers)
-
-            buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(self._rbufsize)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                nl = data.find('\n')
-                if nl >= 0:
-                    nl += 1
-                    buf.write(data[:nl])
-                    self._rbuf.write(data[nl:])
-                    del data
-                    break
-                buf.write(data)
-            return buf.getvalue()
-        else:
-            # Read until size bytes or \n or EOF seen, whichever comes first
-            buf.seek(0, 2)  # seek end
-            buf_len = buf.tell()
-            if buf_len >= size:
-                buf.seek(0)
-                rv = buf.read(size)
-                self._rbuf = StringIO()
-                self._rbuf.write(buf.read())
-                return rv
-            self._rbuf = StringIO()  # reset _rbuf.  we consume it via buf.
-            while True:
-                try:
-                    data = self._sock.recv(self._rbufsize)
-                except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
-                    self._wait_for_sock()
-                    continue
-                if not data:
-                    break
-                left = size - buf_len
-                # did we just receive a newline?
-                nl = data.find('\n', 0, left)
-                if nl >= 0:
-                    nl += 1
-                    # save the excess data to _rbuf
-                    self._rbuf.write(data[nl:])
-                    if buf_len:
-                        buf.write(data[:nl])
-                        break
-                    else:
-                        # Shortcut.  Avoid data copy through buf when returning
-                        # a substring of our first recv().
-                        return data[:nl]
-                n = len(data)
-                if n == size and not buf_len:
-                    # Shortcut.  Avoid data copy through buf when
-                    # returning exactly all of our first recv().
-                    return data
-                if n >= left:
-                    buf.write(data[:left])
-                    self._rbuf.write(data[left:])
-                    break
-                buf.write(data)
-                buf_len += n
-                #assert buf_len == buf.tell()
-            return buf.getvalue()
-
-
 class WrappedSocket(object):
-    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.'''
+    '''API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
 
-    def __init__(self, connection, socket):
+    Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
+    collector of pypy.
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
         self.connection = connection
         self.socket = socket
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self._makefile_refs = 0
 
     def fileno(self):
         return self.socket.fileno()
 
     def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
-        return fileobject(self.connection, mode, bufsize)
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+        return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
+
+    def recv(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, 'Unexpected EOF'):
+                return b''
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            rd, wd, ed = select.select(
+                [self.socket], [], [], self.socket.gettimeout())
+            if not rd:
+                raise timeout('The read operation timed out')
+            else:
+                return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return data
 
     def settimeout(self, timeout):
         return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
@@ -353,7 +203,10 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
         return self.connection.sendall(data)
 
     def close(self):
-        return self.connection.shutdown()
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            return self.connection.shutdown()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
 
     def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
         x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
@@ -376,6 +229,15 @@ class WrappedSocket(object):
             ]
         }
 
+    def _reuse(self):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+
+    def _drop(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
 
 def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
     return err_no == 0
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
index b4df831..7519ba9 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/exceptions.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 
 ## Base Exceptions
 
@@ -11,6 +5,11 @@ class HTTPError(Exception):
     "Base exception used by this module."
     pass
 
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+    "Base warning used by this module."
+    pass
+
+
 
 class PoolError(HTTPError):
     "Base exception for errors caused within a pool."
@@ -44,27 +43,38 @@ class ProxyError(HTTPError):
     pass
 
 
-class ConnectionError(HTTPError):
-    "Raised when a normal connection fails."
+class DecodeError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."
     pass
 
 
-class DecodeError(HTTPError):
-    "Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."
+class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
+    "Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response."
     pass
 
 
+#: Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.
+ConnectionError = ProtocolError
+
+
 ## Leaf Exceptions
 
 class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
-    "Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded."
+    """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
+
+    :param pool: The connection pool
+    :type pool: :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    :param string url: The requested Url
+    :param exceptions.Exception reason: The underlying error
+
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
         self.reason = reason
 
         message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s" % url
         if reason:
-            message += " (Caused by %s: %s)" % (type(reason), reason)
+            message += " (Caused by %r)" % reason
         else:
             message += " (Caused by redirect)"
 
@@ -116,7 +126,12 @@ class ClosedPoolError(PoolError):
     pass
 
 
-class LocationParseError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+class LocationValueError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+    "Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input."
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
     "Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input."
 
     def __init__(self, location):
@@ -124,3 +139,18 @@ class LocationParseError(ValueError, HTTPError):
         HTTPError.__init__(self, message)
 
         self.location = location
+
+
+class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    "Warned when perfoming security reducing actions"
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    "Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"
+    pass
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
index da79e92..c853f8d 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/fields.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/fields.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 import email.utils
 import mimetypes
 
@@ -78,9 +72,10 @@ class RequestField(object):
         """
         A :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.
 
-        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from parameter
-        of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type)
-        tuple where the MIME type is optional. For example: ::
+        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from
+        parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a
+        (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional.
+        For example::
 
             'foo': 'bar',
             'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
@@ -125,8 +120,8 @@ class RequestField(object):
         'Content-Disposition' fields.
 
         :param header_parts:
-            A sequence of (k, v) typles or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format as
-            `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
+            A sequence of (k, v) typles or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format
+            as `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
         """
         parts = []
         iterable = header_parts
@@ -158,7 +153,8 @@ class RequestField(object):
         lines.append('\r\n')
         return '\r\n'.join(lines)
 
-    def make_multipart(self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None, content_location=None):
+    def make_multipart(self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None,
+                       content_location=None):
         """
         Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
 
@@ -172,6 +168,10 @@ class RequestField(object):
 
         """
         self.headers['Content-Disposition'] = content_disposition or 'form-data'
-        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join(['', self._render_parts((('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename)))])
+        self.headers['Content-Disposition'] += '; '.join([
+            '', self._render_parts(
+                (('name', self._name), ('filename', self._filename))
+            )
+        ])
         self.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
         self.headers['Content-Location'] = content_location
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
index e8b30bd..0fbf488 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/filepost.py
@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
-# urllib3/filepost.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 import codecs
-import mimetypes
 
 from uuid import uuid4
 from io import BytesIO
@@ -38,10 +31,10 @@ def iter_field_objects(fields):
         i = iter(fields)
 
     for field in i:
-      if isinstance(field, RequestField):
-        yield field
-      else:
-        yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
+        if isinstance(field, RequestField):
+            yield field
+        else:
+            yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
 
 
 def iter_fields(fields):
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
index 7f8ee15..4479363 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/packages/ordered_dict.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 # Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
 # Copyright 2009 Raymond Hettinger, released under the MIT License.
 # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/
-
 try:
     from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
 except ImportError:
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
index f18ff2b..515dc96 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/poolmanager.py
-# Copyright 2008-2014 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 import logging
 
 try:  # Python 3
@@ -14,8 +8,10 @@ except ImportError:
 from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
 from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
 from .connectionpool import port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import LocationValueError
 from .request import RequestMethods
-from .util import parse_url
+from .util.url import parse_url
+from .util.retry import Retry
 
 
 __all__ = ['PoolManager', 'ProxyManager', 'proxy_from_url']
@@ -49,7 +45,7 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         Additional parameters are used to create fresh
         :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
         >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
@@ -102,10 +98,11 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         ``urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme``.
         """
 
-        scheme = scheme or 'http'
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
 
+        scheme = scheme or 'http'
         port = port or port_by_scheme.get(scheme, 80)
-
         pool_key = (scheme, host, port)
 
         with self.pools.lock:
@@ -118,6 +115,7 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
             # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
             pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port)
             self.pools[pool_key] = pool
+
         return pool
 
     def connection_from_url(self, url):
@@ -161,13 +159,18 @@ class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
         # Support relative URLs for redirecting.
         redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
 
-        # RFC 2616, Section 10.3.4
+        # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
         if response.status == 303:
             method = 'GET'
 
-        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
-        kw['retries'] = kw.get('retries', 3) - 1  # Persist retries countdown
+        retries = kw.get('retries')
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
+
+        kw['retries'] = retries.increment(method, redirect_location)
         kw['redirect'] = redirect
+
+        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s" % (url, redirect_location))
         return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
 
 
@@ -208,12 +211,16 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
         if not proxy.port:
             port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
             proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
+
+        assert proxy.scheme in ("http", "https"), \
+            'Not supported proxy scheme %s' % proxy.scheme
+
         self.proxy = proxy
         self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
-        assert self.proxy.scheme in ("http", "https"), \
-            'Not supported proxy scheme %s' % self.proxy.scheme
+
         connection_pool_kw['_proxy'] = self.proxy
         connection_pool_kw['_proxy_headers'] = self.proxy_headers
+
         super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(
             num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
 
@@ -248,10 +255,10 @@ class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
             # For proxied HTTPS requests, httplib sets the necessary headers
             # on the CONNECT to the proxy. For HTTP, we'll definitely
             # need to set 'Host' at the very least.
-            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, kw.get('headers',
-                                                                self.headers))
+            headers = kw.get('headers', self.headers)
+            kw['headers'] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
 
-        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect, **kw)
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
 
 
 def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
index 2a92cc2..51fe238 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/request.py
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-# urllib3/request.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
 try:
     from urllib.parse import urlencode
 except ImportError:
@@ -26,8 +20,8 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
 
     Specifically,
 
-    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are encoded
-    in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
+    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
 
     :meth:`.request_encode_body` is for sending requests whose fields are
     encoded in the *body* of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded
@@ -51,7 +45,7 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
 
     def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None,
                 encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None,
-                **kw): # Abstract
+                **kw):  # Abstract
         raise NotImplemented("Classes extending RequestMethods must implement "
                              "their own ``urlopen`` method.")
 
@@ -61,8 +55,8 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         ``fields`` based on the ``method`` used.
 
         This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual
-        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the option
-        to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
+        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the
+        option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
         :meth:`request_encode_url`, :meth:`request_encode_body`,
         or even the lowest level :meth:`urlopen`.
         """
@@ -70,12 +64,12 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
 
         if method in self._encode_url_methods:
             return self.request_encode_url(method, url, fields=fields,
-                                            headers=headers,
-                                            **urlopen_kw)
+                                           headers=headers,
+                                           **urlopen_kw)
         else:
             return self.request_encode_body(method, url, fields=fields,
-                                             headers=headers,
-                                             **urlopen_kw)
+                                            headers=headers,
+                                            **urlopen_kw)
 
     def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, **urlopen_kw):
         """
@@ -94,18 +88,18 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.
 
         When ``encode_multipart=True`` (default), then
-        :meth:`urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode the
-        payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
+        :meth:`urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode
+        the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
         :meth:`urllib.urlencode` is used with the
         'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type.
 
         Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it's reasonably
-        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request signing,
-        such as with OAuth.
+        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request
+        signing, such as with OAuth.
 
         Supports an optional ``fields`` parameter of key/value strings AND
         key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where
-        the MIME type is optional. For example: ::
+        the MIME type is optional. For example::
 
             fields = {
                 'foo': 'bar',
@@ -119,17 +113,17 @@ class RequestMethods(object):
         When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the
         tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimick behavior of browsers.
 
-        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will be
-        overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
+        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will
+        be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
         which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
         string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
         """
         if encode_multipart:
-            body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(fields or {},
-                                    boundary=multipart_boundary)
+            body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(
+                fields or {}, boundary=multipart_boundary)
         else:
             body, content_type = (urlencode(fields or {}),
-                                    'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
+                                  'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
 
         if headers is None:
             headers = self.headers
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
index db44182..e69de95 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/response.py
@@ -1,22 +1,14 @@
-# urllib3/response.py
-# Copyright 2008-2013 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
-
-import logging
 import zlib
 import io
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
 
 from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
-from .exceptions import DecodeError
+from .exceptions import ProtocolError, DecodeError, ReadTimeoutError
 from .packages.six import string_types as basestring, binary_type
-from .util import is_fp_closed
+from .connection import HTTPException, BaseSSLError
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed
 
 
-log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
 
 class DeflateDecoder(object):
 
@@ -56,7 +48,10 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
     HTTP Response container.
 
     Backwards-compatible to httplib's HTTPResponse but the response ``body`` is
-    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.
+    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
+    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
+    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
+    framework.
 
     Extra parameters for behaviour not present in httplib.HTTPResponse:
 
@@ -91,11 +86,14 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         self.decode_content = decode_content
 
         self._decoder = None
-        self._body = body if body and isinstance(body, basestring) else None
+        self._body = None
         self._fp = None
         self._original_response = original_response
         self._fp_bytes_read = 0
 
+        if body and isinstance(body, (basestring, binary_type)):
+            self._body = body
+
         self._pool = pool
         self._connection = connection
 
@@ -163,8 +161,8 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
             set.)
         """
-        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 2616
-        # Section 3.5
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
         content_encoding = self.headers.get('content-encoding', '').lower()
         if self._decoder is None:
             if content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
@@ -178,23 +176,42 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         flush_decoder = False
 
         try:
-            if amt is None:
-                # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
-                data = self._fp.read()
-                flush_decoder = True
-            else:
-                cache_content = False
-                data = self._fp.read(amt)
-                if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
-                    # Close the connection when no data is returned
-                    #
-                    # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
-                    # already do.  However, versions of python released before
-                    # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do not
-                    # properly close the connection in all cases. There is no harm
-                    # in redundantly calling close.
-                    self._fp.close()
+            try:
+                if amt is None:
+                    # cStringIO doesn't like amt=None
+                    data = self._fp.read()
                     flush_decoder = True
+                else:
+                    cache_content = False
+                    data = self._fp.read(amt)
+                    if amt != 0 and not data:  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                        # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                        #
+                        # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                        # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                        # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                        # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                        # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                        self._fp.close()
+                        flush_decoder = True
+
+            except SocketTimeout:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if not 'read operation timed out' in str(e):  # Defensive:
+                    # This shouldn't happen but just in case we're missing an edge
+                    # case, let's avoid swallowing SSL errors.
+                    raise
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
+
+            except HTTPException as e:
+                # This includes IncompleteRead.
+                raise ProtocolError('Connection broken: %r' % e, e)
 
             self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
 
@@ -204,8 +221,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             except (IOError, zlib.error) as e:
                 raise DecodeError(
                     "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
-                    "failed to decode it." % content_encoding,
-                    e)
+                    "failed to decode it." % content_encoding, e)
 
             if flush_decoder and decode_content and self._decoder:
                 buf = self._decoder.decompress(binary_type())
@@ -242,7 +258,6 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             if data:
                 yield data
 
-
     @classmethod
     def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
         """
@@ -297,7 +312,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
         elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
             return self._fp.fileno()
         else:
-            raise IOError("The file-like object  this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
+            raise IOError("The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
                           "around has no file descriptor")
 
     def flush(self):
@@ -305,4 +320,14 @@ class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
             return self._fp.flush()
 
     def readable(self):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
         return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        temp = self.read(len(b))
+        if len(temp) == 0:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            b[:len(temp)] = temp
+            return len(temp)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
index a40185e..8becc81 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
@@ -1,9 +1,4 @@
-# urllib3/util/__init__.py
-# Copyright 2008-2014 Andrey Petrov and contributors (see CONTRIBUTORS.txt)
-#
-# This module is part of urllib3 and is released under
-# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
-
+# For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
 from .connection import is_connection_dropped
 from .request import make_headers
 from .response import is_fp_closed
@@ -19,6 +14,8 @@ from .timeout import (
     current_time,
     Timeout,
 )
+
+from .retry import Retry
 from .url import (
     get_host,
     parse_url,
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
index 8deeab5..2156993 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from socket import error as SocketError
+import socket
 try:
     from select import poll, POLLIN
 except ImportError:  # `poll` doesn't exist on OSX and other platforms
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ except ImportError:  # `poll` doesn't exist on OSX and other platforms
     except ImportError:  # `select` doesn't exist on AppEngine.
         select = False
 
+
 def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
     """
     Returns True if the connection is dropped and should be closed.
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
     if sock is False:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
         return False
     if sock is None:  # Connection already closed (such as by httplib).
-        return False
+        return True
 
     if not poll:
         if not select:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
 
         try:
             return select([sock], [], [], 0.0)[0]
-        except SocketError:
+        except socket.error:
             return True
 
     # This version is better on platforms that support it.
@@ -42,4 +43,55 @@ def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
             return True
 
 
+# This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
+# library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
+def create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                      source_address=None, socket_options=None):
+    """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
+
+    Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
+    port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
+    *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
+    before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
+    global default timeout setting returned by :func:`getdefaulttimeout`
+    is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
+    for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
+    An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    """
+
+    host, port = address
+    err = None
+    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+
+            # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
+            # This is the only addition urllib3 makes to this function.
+            _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
+
+            if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            if source_address:
+                sock.bind(source_address)
+            sock.connect(sa)
+            return sock
+
+        except socket.error as _:
+            err = _
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+
+    if err is not None:
+        raise err
+    else:
+        raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+
+def _set_socket_options(sock, options):
+    if options is None:
+        return
 
+    for opt in options:
+        sock.setsockopt(*opt)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
index d48d651..bc64f6b 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/request.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 from base64 import b64encode
 
-from ..packages import six
-
+from ..packages.six import b
 
 ACCEPT_ENCODING = 'gzip,deflate'
 
 
 def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
-                 basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None):
+                 basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None, disable_cache=None):
     """
     Shortcuts for generating request headers.
 
@@ -32,7 +31,10 @@ def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
         Colon-separated username:password string for 'proxy-authorization: basic ...'
         auth header.
 
-    Example: ::
+    :param disable_cache:
+        If ``True``, adds 'cache-control: no-cache' header.
+
+    Example::
 
         >>> make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0")
         {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
@@ -57,12 +59,13 @@ def make_headers(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None,
 
     if basic_auth:
         headers['authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
-            b64encode(six.b(basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
+            b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
 
     if proxy_basic_auth:
         headers['proxy-authorization'] = 'Basic ' + \
-            b64encode(six.b(proxy_basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
-
-    return headers
+            b64encode(b(proxy_basic_auth)).decode('utf-8')
 
+    if disable_cache:
+        headers['cache-control'] = 'no-cache'
 
+    return headers
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
index d0325bc..45fff55 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/response.py
@@ -5,9 +5,18 @@ def is_fp_closed(obj):
     :param obj:
         The file-like object to check.
     """
-    if hasattr(obj, 'fp'):
-        # Object is a container for another file-like object that gets released
-        # on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse)
+
+    try:
+        # Check via the official file-like-object way.
+        return obj.closed
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check if the object is a container for another file-like object that
+        # gets released on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse).
         return obj.fp is None
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
 
-    return obj.closed
+    raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb560df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+import time
+import logging
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ProtocolError,
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+)
+from ..packages import six
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Retry(object):
+    """ Retry configuration.
+
+    Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so
+    they can be safely reused.
+
+    Retries can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
+        http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=Retry(10))
+
+    Retries can be disabled by passing ``False``::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=False)
+
+    Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
+    retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
+
+
+    :param int total:
+        Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
+
+        Set to ``None`` to remove this constraint and fall back on other
+        counts. It's a good idea to set this to some sensibly-high value to
+        account for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int connect:
+        How many connection-related errors to retry on.
+
+        These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server,
+        which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int read:
+        How many times to retry on read errors.
+
+        These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request may have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int redirect:
+        How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect
+        loops.
+
+        A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or
+        308.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param iterable method_whitelist:
+        Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
+
+        By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be
+        indempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the
+        same state). See :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST`.
+
+    :param iterable status_forcelist:
+        A set of HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
+
+        By default, this is disabled with ``None``.
+
+    :param float backoff_factor:
+        A backoff factor to apply between attempts. urllib3 will sleep for::
+
+            {backoff factor} * (2 ^ ({number of total retries} - 1))
+
+        seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`.sleep` will sleep
+        for [0.1s, 0.2s, 0.4s, ...] between retries. It will never be longer
+        than :attr:`Retry.MAX_BACKOFF`.
+
+        By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0).
+
+    :param bool raise_on_redirect: Whether, if the number of redirects is
+        exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a
+        response code in the 3xx range.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST = frozenset([
+        'HEAD', 'GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS', 'TRACE'])
+
+    #: Maximum backoff time.
+    BACKOFF_MAX = 120
+
+    def __init__(self, total=10, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None,
+                 method_whitelist=DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST, status_forcelist=None,
+                 backoff_factor=0, raise_on_redirect=True, _observed_errors=0):
+
+        self.total = total
+        self.connect = connect
+        self.read = read
+
+        if redirect is False or total is False:
+            redirect = 0
+            raise_on_redirect = False
+
+        self.redirect = redirect
+        self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or set()
+        self.method_whitelist = method_whitelist
+        self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+        self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
+        self._observed_errors = _observed_errors # TODO: use .history instead?
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        params = dict(
+            total=self.total,
+            connect=self.connect, read=self.read, redirect=self.redirect,
+            method_whitelist=self.method_whitelist,
+            status_forcelist=self.status_forcelist,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            raise_on_redirect=self.raise_on_redirect,
+            _observed_errors=self._observed_errors,
+        )
+        params.update(kw)
+        return type(self)(**params)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_int(cls, retries, redirect=True, default=None):
+        """ Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format."""
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = default if default is not None else cls.DEFAULT
+
+        if isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            return retries
+
+        redirect = bool(redirect) and None
+        new_retries = cls(retries, redirect=redirect)
+        log.debug("Converted retries value: %r -> %r" % (retries, new_retries))
+        return new_retries
+
+    def get_backoff_time(self):
+        """ Formula for computing the current backoff
+
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        if self._observed_errors <= 1:
+            return 0
+
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (self._observed_errors - 1))
+        return min(self.BACKOFF_MAX, backoff_value)
+
+    def sleep(self):
+        """ Sleep between retry attempts using an exponential backoff.
+
+        By default, the backoff factor is 0 and this method will return
+        immediately.
+        """
+        backoff = self.get_backoff_time()
+        if backoff <= 0:
+            return
+        time.sleep(backoff)
+
+    def _is_connection_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors when we're fairly sure that the server did not receive the
+        request, so it should be safe to retry.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
+
+    def _is_read_error(self, err):
+        """ Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we can't
+        assume that the server did not process any of it.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
+
+    def is_forced_retry(self, method, status_code):
+        """ Is this method/response retryable? (Based on method/codes whitelists)
+        """
+        if self.method_whitelist and method.upper() not in self.method_whitelist:
+            return False
+
+        return self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist
+
+    def is_exhausted(self):
+        """ Are we out of retries?
+        """
+        retry_counts = (self.total, self.connect, self.read, self.redirect)
+        retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
+        if not retry_counts:
+            return False
+
+        return min(retry_counts) < 0
+
+    def increment(self, method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None, _pool=None, _stacktrace=None):
+        """ Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
+
+        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
+            return a response.
+        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
+        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
+            None if the response was received successfully.
+
+        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
+        """
+        if self.total is False and error:
+            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
+            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+
+        total = self.total
+        if total is not None:
+            total -= 1
+
+        _observed_errors = self._observed_errors
+        connect = self.connect
+        read = self.read
+        redirect = self.redirect
+
+        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
+            # Connect retry?
+            if connect is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif connect is not None:
+                connect -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
+            # Read retry?
+            if read is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif read is not None:
+                read -= 1
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
+            # Redirect retry?
+            if redirect is not None:
+                redirect -= 1
+
+        else:
+            # FIXME: Nothing changed, scenario doesn't make sense.
+            _observed_errors += 1
+
+        new_retry = self.new(
+            total=total,
+            connect=connect, read=read, redirect=redirect,
+            _observed_errors=_observed_errors)
+
+        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error)
+
+        log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r" % (url, new_retry))
+
+        return new_retry
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, '
+                'read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect})').format(
+                    cls=type(self), self=self)
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
+Retry.DEFAULT = Retry(3)
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
index dee4b87..9cfe2d2 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
@@ -34,10 +34,9 @@ def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
     }
 
     fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(':', '').lower()
+    digest_length, odd = divmod(len(fingerprint), 2)
 
-    digest_length, rest = divmod(len(fingerprint), 2)
-
-    if rest or digest_length not in hashfunc_map:
+    if odd or digest_length not in hashfunc_map:
         raise SSLError('Fingerprint is of invalid length.')
 
     # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
index 4f947cb..ea7027f 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
@@ -1,32 +1,49 @@
+# The default socket timeout, used by httplib to indicate that no timeout was
+# specified by the user
 from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
 import time
 
 from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
 
+# A sentinel value to indicate that no timeout was specified by the user in
+# urllib3
+_Default = object()
 
 def current_time():
     """
-    Retrieve the current time, this function is mocked out in unit testing.
+    Retrieve the current time. This function is mocked out in unit testing.
     """
     return time.time()
 
 
-_Default = object()
-# The default timeout to use for socket connections. This is the attribute used
-# by httplib to define the default timeout
+class Timeout(object):
+    """ Timeout configuration.
 
+    Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool::
 
-class Timeout(object):
-    """
-    Utility object for storing timeout values.
+        timeout = Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
+        http = PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', timeout=Timeout(10))
+
+    Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to ``None``::
 
-    Example usage:
+        no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/, timeout=no_timeout)
 
-    .. code-block:: python
 
-        timeout = urllib3.util.Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
-        pool = HTTPConnectionPool('www.google.com', 80, timeout=timeout)
-        pool.request(...) # Etc, etc
+    :param total:
+        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
+        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
+        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
+        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
+
+        Defaults to None.
+
+    :type total: integer, float, or None
 
     :param connect:
         The maximum amount of time to wait for a connection attempt to a server
@@ -47,25 +64,15 @@ class Timeout(object):
 
     :type read: integer, float, or None
 
-    :param total:
-        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
-        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
-        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
-        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
-
-        Defaults to None.
-
-    :type total: integer, float, or None
-
     .. note::
 
         Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return
-        an HTTP response. Specifically, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the
-        timeout specified on the socket. Other factors that can affect total
-        request time include high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a
-        low priority level, or other behaviors. The observed running time for
-        urllib3 to return a response may be greater than the value passed to
-        `total`.
+        an HTTP response.
+
+        For example, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified
+        on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include
+        high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level,
+        or other behaviors.
 
         In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between
         read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server,
@@ -73,8 +80,8 @@ class Timeout(object):
         response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server
         has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always
         the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout
-        of 20 seconds will not ever trigger, even though the request will
-        take several minutes to complete.
+        of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take
+        several minutes to complete.
 
         If your goal is to cut off any request after a set amount of wall clock
         time, consider having a second "watcher" thread to cut off a slow
@@ -94,17 +101,16 @@ class Timeout(object):
         return '%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)' % (
             type(self).__name__, self._connect, self._read, self.total)
 
-
     @classmethod
     def _validate_timeout(cls, value, name):
-        """ Check that a timeout attribute is valid
+        """ Check that a timeout attribute is valid.
 
         :param value: The timeout value to validate
-        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is used
-            for clear error messages
-        :return: the value
-        :raises ValueError: if the type is not an integer or a float, or if it
-            is a numeric value less than zero
+        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is
+            used to specify in error messages.
+        :return: The validated and casted version of the given value.
+        :raises ValueError: If the type is not an integer or a float, or if it
+            is a numeric value less than zero.
         """
         if value is _Default:
             return cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
@@ -123,7 +129,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
                 raise ValueError("Attempted to set %s timeout to %s, but the "
                                  "timeout cannot be set to a value less "
                                  "than 0." % (name, value))
-        except TypeError: # Python 3
+        except TypeError:  # Python 3
             raise ValueError("Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
                              "int or float." % (name, value))
 
@@ -135,12 +141,12 @@ class Timeout(object):
 
         The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the
         connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a :class:`Timeout`
-        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value passed
-        to this function.
+        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value
+        passed to this function.
 
-        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value
+        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value.
         :type timeout: integer, float, sentinel default object, or None
-        :return: a Timeout object
+        :return: Timeout object
         :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
         """
         return Timeout(read=timeout, connect=timeout)
@@ -174,7 +180,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
     def get_connect_duration(self):
         """ Gets the time elapsed since the call to :meth:`start_connect`.
 
-        :return: the elapsed time
+        :return: Elapsed time.
         :rtype: float
         :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
             to get duration for a timer that hasn't been started.
@@ -191,7 +197,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
         This will be a positive float or integer, the value None
         (never timeout), or the default system timeout.
 
-        :return: the connect timeout
+        :return: Connect timeout.
         :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
         """
         if self.total is None:
@@ -214,7 +220,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
         established, a :exc:`~urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError` will be
         raised.
 
-        :return: the value to use for the read timeout
+        :return: Value to use for the read timeout.
         :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
         :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: If :meth:`start_connect`
             has not yet been called on this object.
@@ -223,7 +229,7 @@ class Timeout(object):
             self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT and
             self._read is not None and
             self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
-            # in case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
+            # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
             if self._start_connect is None:
                 return self._read
             return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(),
diff --git a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
index 362d216..487d456 100644
--- a/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
+++ b/requests/packages/urllib3/util/url.py
@@ -3,15 +3,20 @@ from collections import namedtuple
 from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
 
 
-class Url(namedtuple('Url', ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment'])):
+url_attrs = ['scheme', 'auth', 'host', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment']
+
+
+class Url(namedtuple('Url', url_attrs)):
     """
     Datastructure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
     :func:`parse_url`.
     """
     slots = ()
 
-    def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None, query=None, fragment=None):
-        return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+    def __new__(cls, scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path=None,
+                query=None, fragment=None):
+        return super(Url, cls).__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path,
+                                       query, fragment)
 
     @property
     def hostname(self):
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ def split_first(s, delims):
 
     If not found, then the first part is the full input string.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '?/=')
         ('foo', 'bar?baz', '/')
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ def parse_url(url):
 
     Partly backwards-compatible with :mod:`urlparse`.
 
-    Example: ::
+    Example::
 
         >>> parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
         Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/', ...)
@@ -91,6 +96,10 @@ def parse_url(url):
     # Additionally, this implementations does silly things to be optimal
     # on CPython.
 
+    if not url:
+        # Empty
+        return Url()
+
     scheme = None
     auth = None
     host = None
diff --git a/requests/sessions.py b/requests/sessions.py
index df85a25..d701ff2 100644
--- a/requests/sessions.py
+++ b/requests/sessions.py
@@ -91,10 +91,17 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
         """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses."""
 
         i = 0
+        hist = [] # keep track of history
 
         while resp.is_redirect:
             prepared_request = req.copy()
 
+            if i > 0:
+                # Update history and keep track of redirects.
+                hist.append(resp)
+                new_hist = list(hist)
+                resp.history = new_hist
+
             try:
                 resp.content  # Consume socket so it can be released
             except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
@@ -118,7 +125,7 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             parsed = urlparse(url)
             url = parsed.geturl()
 
-            # Facilitate non-RFC2616-compliant 'location' headers
+            # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
             # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
             # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
             if not urlparse(url).netloc:
@@ -127,8 +134,11 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
                 url = requote_uri(url)
 
             prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
+            # Cache the url, unless it redirects to itself.
+            if resp.is_permanent_redirect and req.url != prepared_request.url:
+                self.redirect_cache[req.url] = prepared_request.url
 
-            # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.4
+            # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
             if (resp.status_code == codes.see_other and
                     method != 'HEAD'):
                 method = 'GET'
@@ -146,7 +156,7 @@ class SessionRedirectMixin(object):
             prepared_request.method = method
 
             # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1084
-            if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary, codes.resume):
+            if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary_redirect, codes.permanent_redirect):
                 if 'Content-Length' in prepared_request.headers:
                     del prepared_request.headers['Content-Length']
 
@@ -261,9 +271,10 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
     """
 
     __attrs__ = [
-        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'timeout', 'proxies', 'hooks',
-        'params', 'verify', 'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream',
-        'trust_env', 'max_redirects']
+        'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'proxies', 'hooks', 'params', 'verify',
+        'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', 'trust_env',
+        'max_redirects', 'redirect_cache'
+    ]
 
     def __init__(self):
 
@@ -316,6 +327,8 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
         self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
 
+        self.redirect_cache = {}
+
     def __enter__(self):
         return self
 
@@ -353,6 +366,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             url=request.url,
             files=request.files,
             data=request.data,
+            json=request.json,
             headers=merge_setting(request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict),
             params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
             auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
@@ -374,7 +388,8 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         hooks=None,
         stream=None,
         verify=None,
-        cert=None):
+        cert=None,
+        json=None):
         """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
         Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
 
@@ -384,17 +399,22 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             string for the :class:`Request`.
         :param data: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to send in the body of the
             :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
+            :class:`Request`.
         :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
             :class:`Request`.
         :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
             :class:`Request`.
-        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects
+        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
             for multipart encoding upload.
         :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
             Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
-        :param timeout: (optional) Float describing the timeout of the
-            request in seconds.
-        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True by default.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a (`connect timeout, read
+            timeout <user/advanced.html#timeouts>`_) tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
+        :type allow_redirects: bool
         :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of
             the proxy.
         :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
@@ -414,6 +434,7 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
             headers = headers,
             files = files,
             data = data or {},
+            json = json,
             params = params or {},
             auth = auth,
             cookies = cookies,
@@ -423,36 +444,16 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
 
         proxies = proxies or {}
 
-        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
-        if self.trust_env:
-            # Set environment's proxies.
-            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {}
-            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
-                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
-
-            # Look for configuration.
-            if not verify and verify is not False:
-                verify = os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE')
-
-            # Curl compatibility.
-            if not verify and verify is not False:
-                verify = os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE')
-
-        # Merge all the kwargs.
-        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
-        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
-        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
-        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
+            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
+        )
 
         # Send the request.
         send_kwargs = {
-            'stream': stream,
             'timeout': timeout,
-            'verify': verify,
-            'cert': cert,
-            'proxies': proxies,
             'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
         }
+        send_kwargs.update(settings)
         resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
 
         return resp
@@ -487,15 +488,16 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False)
         return self.request('HEAD', url, **kwargs)
 
-    def post(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
         """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
 
         :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
         :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
         :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
         """
 
-        return self.request('POST', url, data=data, **kwargs)
+        return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
 
     def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
         """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
@@ -540,6 +542,14 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
         if not isinstance(request, PreparedRequest):
             raise ValueError('You can only send PreparedRequests.')
 
+        checked_urls = set()
+        while request.url in self.redirect_cache:
+            checked_urls.add(request.url)
+            new_url = self.redirect_cache.get(request.url)
+            if new_url in checked_urls:
+                break
+            request.url = new_url
+
         # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
         allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True)
         stream = kwargs.get('stream')
@@ -597,6 +607,30 @@ class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
 
         return r
 
+    def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
+        """Check the environment and merge it with some settings."""
+        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
+        if self.trust_env:
+            # Set environment's proxies.
+            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {}
+            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
+                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
+
+            # Look for requests environment configuration and be compatible
+            # with cURL.
+            if verify is True or verify is None:
+                verify = (os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE') or
+                          os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE'))
+
+        # Merge all the kwargs.
+        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
+        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
+        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
+        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+
+        return {'verify': verify, 'proxies': proxies, 'stream': stream,
+                'cert': cert}
+
     def get_adapter(self, url):
         """Returns the appropriate connnection adapter for the given URL."""
         for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
diff --git a/requests/status_codes.py b/requests/status_codes.py
index ed7a866..e0887f2 100644
--- a/requests/status_codes.py
+++ b/requests/status_codes.py
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ _codes = {
     305: ('use_proxy',),
     306: ('switch_proxy',),
     307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
-    308: ('resume_incomplete', 'resume'),
+    308: ('permanent_redirect',
+          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
 
     # Client Error.
     400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
diff --git a/requests/structures.py b/requests/structures.py
index 9fd7818..3e5f2fa 100644
--- a/requests/structures.py
+++ b/requests/structures.py
@@ -8,30 +8,7 @@ Data structures that power Requests.
 
 """
 
-import os
 import collections
-from itertools import islice
-
-
-class IteratorProxy(object):
-    """docstring for IteratorProxy"""
-    def __init__(self, i):
-        self.i = i
-        # self.i = chain.from_iterable(i)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self.i
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        if hasattr(self.i, '__len__'):
-            return len(self.i)
-        if hasattr(self.i, 'len'):
-            return self.i.len
-        if hasattr(self.i, 'fileno'):
-            return os.fstat(self.i.fileno()).st_size
-
-    def read(self, n):
-        return "".join(islice(self.i, None, n))
 
 
 class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
@@ -46,7 +23,7 @@ class CaseInsensitiveDict(collections.MutableMapping):
     case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
     ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
     will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
-    testing is case insensitive:
+    testing is case insensitive::
 
         cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
         cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
diff --git a/requests/utils.py b/requests/utils.py
index 68e50cf..1868f86 100644
--- a/requests/utils.py
+++ b/requests/utils.py
@@ -351,10 +351,7 @@ def get_unicode_from_response(r):
     Tried:
 
     1. charset from content-type
-
-    2. every encodings from ``<meta ... charset=XXX>``
-
-    3. fall back and replace all unicode characters
+    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
 
     """
 
@@ -554,7 +551,8 @@ def default_headers():
     return CaseInsensitiveDict({
         'User-Agent': default_user_agent(),
         'Accept-Encoding': ', '.join(('gzip', 'deflate')),
-        'Accept': '*/*'
+        'Accept': '*/*',
+        'Connection': 'keep-alive',
     })
 
 
@@ -671,3 +669,18 @@ def to_native_string(string, encoding='ascii'):
             out = string.decode(encoding)
 
     return out
+
+
+def urldefragauth(url):
+    """
+    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+
+    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)[-1]
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ''))
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
index 5616d2f..2ac5d3f 100644
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 py==1.4.12
 pytest==2.3.4
 pytest-cov==1.6
-invoke==0.2.0
 wheel
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index c25b368..813fc87 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import sys
 
 import requests
 
+from codecs import open
+
 try:
     from setuptools import setup
 except ImportError:
@@ -27,9 +29,9 @@ packages = [
 
 requires = []
 
-with open('README.rst') as f:
+with open('README.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
     readme = f.read()
-with open('HISTORY.rst') as f:
+with open('HISTORY.rst', 'r', 'utf-8') as f:
     history = f.read()
 
 setup(
@@ -57,6 +59,10 @@ setup(
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4'
 
     ),
+    extras_require={
+        'security': ['pyOpenSSL', 'ndg-httpsclient', 'pyasn1'],
+    },
 )
diff --git a/test_requests.py b/test_requests.py
index a92b22c..0d93893 100755
--- a/test_requests.py
+++ b/test_requests.py
@@ -14,15 +14,17 @@ import io
 import requests
 import pytest
 from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
-from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth
+from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth, _basic_auth_str
 from requests.compat import (
-    Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urljoin, urlparse)
+    Morsel, cookielib, getproxies, str, urljoin, urlparse, is_py3, builtin_str)
 from requests.cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, morsel_to_cookie
-from requests.exceptions import InvalidURL, MissingSchema
-from requests.models import PreparedRequest, Response
+from requests.exceptions import (ConnectionError, ConnectTimeout,
+                                 InvalidSchema, InvalidURL, MissingSchema,
+                                 ReadTimeout, Timeout)
+from requests.models import PreparedRequest
 from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 from requests.sessions import SessionRedirectMixin
-from requests.models import PreparedRequest, urlencode
+from requests.models import urlencode
 from requests.hooks import default_hooks
 
 try:
@@ -30,6 +32,17 @@ try:
 except ImportError:
     import io as StringIO
 
+if is_py3:
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+else:
+    def u(s):
+        return s.decode('unicode-escape')
+
+
+# Requests to this URL should always fail with a connection timeout (nothing
+# listening on that port)
+TARPIT = "http://10.255.255.1"
 HTTPBIN = os.environ.get('HTTPBIN_URL', 'http://httpbin.org/')
 # Issue #1483: Make sure the URL always has a trailing slash
 HTTPBIN = HTTPBIN.rstrip('/') + '/'
@@ -66,6 +79,12 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_invalid_url(self):
         with pytest.raises(MissingSchema):
             requests.get('hiwpefhipowhefopw')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('localhost:3128')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('localhost.localdomain:3128/')
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            requests.get('10.122.1.1:3128/')
         with pytest.raises(InvalidURL):
             requests.get('http://')
 
@@ -145,7 +164,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_set_cookie_on_301(self):
         s = requests.session()
         url = httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar')
-        r = s.get(url)
+        s.get(url)
         assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'
 
     def test_cookie_sent_on_redirect(self):
@@ -205,7 +224,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_param_cookiejar_works(self):
         cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
-        cookiejar_from_dict({'foo' : 'bar'}, cj)
+        cookiejar_from_dict({'foo': 'bar'}, cj)
         s = requests.session()
         r = s.get(httpbin('cookies'), cookies=cj)
         # Make sure the cookie was sent
@@ -274,6 +293,14 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = s.get(url)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
+    def test_connection_error(self):
+        """Connecting to an unknown domain should raise a ConnectionError"""
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
+            requests.get("http://fooobarbangbazbing.httpbin.org")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionError):
+            requests.get("http://httpbin.org:1")
+
     def test_basicauth_with_netrc(self):
         auth = ('user', 'pass')
         wrong_auth = ('wronguser', 'wrongpass')
@@ -385,7 +412,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert post4.status_code == 200
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            requests.post(url, files = ['bad file data'])
+            requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
 
     def test_POSTBIN_GET_POST_FILES_WITH_DATA(self):
 
@@ -396,20 +423,21 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert post1.status_code == 200
 
         with open('requirements.txt') as f:
-            post2 = requests.post(url, data={'some': 'data'}, files={'some': f})
+            post2 = requests.post(url,
+                data={'some': 'data'}, files={'some': f})
         assert post2.status_code == 200
 
         post4 = requests.post(url, data='[{"some": "json"}]')
         assert post4.status_code == 200
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            requests.post(url, files = ['bad file data'])
+            requests.post(url, files=['bad file data'])
 
     def test_conflicting_post_params(self):
         url = httpbin('post')
         with open('requirements.txt') as f:
             pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data='[{\"some\": \"data\"}]', files={'some': f})")
-            pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data=u'[{\"some\": \"data\"}]', files={'some': f})")
+            pytest.raises(ValueError, "requests.post(url, data=u('[{\"some\": \"data\"}]'), files={'some': f})")
 
     def test_request_ok_set(self):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('status', '404'))
@@ -436,7 +464,10 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         requests.get(httpbin('ø'), params={'foo': 'foo'})
 
     def test_unicode_header_name(self):
-        requests.put(httpbin('put'), headers={str('Content-Type'): 'application/octet-stream'}, data='\xff') # compat.str is unicode.
+        requests.put(
+            httpbin('put'),
+            headers={str('Content-Type'): 'application/octet-stream'},
+            data='\xff')  # compat.str is unicode.
 
     def test_pyopenssl_redirect(self):
         requests.get('https://httpbin.org/status/301')
@@ -449,30 +480,30 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_different_encodings_dont_break_post(self):
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
-                          params={'blah': 'asdf1234'},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
+            params={'blah': 'asdf1234'},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
     def test_unicode_multipart_post(self):
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': u'ëlïxr'},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': u('ëlïxr')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': u'ëlïxr'.encode('utf-8')},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': u('ëlïxr').encode('utf-8')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': 'elixr'},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
         r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': 'elixr'.encode('utf-8')},
-                          files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
+            data={'stuff': 'elixr'.encode('utf-8')},
+            files={'file': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb'))})
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
     def test_unicode_multipart_post_fieldnames(self):
@@ -488,15 +519,17 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_unicode_method_name(self):
         files = {'file': open('test_requests.py', 'rb')}
-        r = requests.request(method=u'POST', url=httpbin('post'), files=files)
+        r = requests.request(
+            method=u('POST'), url=httpbin('post'), files=files)
         assert r.status_code == 200
 
     def test_custom_content_type(self):
-        r = requests.post(httpbin('post'),
-                          data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
-                          files={'file1': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb')),
-                                 'file2': ('test_requests', open(__file__, 'rb'),
-                                           'text/py-content-type')})
+        r = requests.post(
+            httpbin('post'),
+            data={'stuff': json.dumps({'a': 123})},
+            files={'file1': ('test_requests.py', open(__file__, 'rb')),
+                   'file2': ('test_requests', open(__file__, 'rb'),
+                             'text/py-content-type')})
         assert r.status_code == 200
         assert b"text/py-content-type" in r.request.body
 
@@ -555,7 +588,14 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         prep = s.prepare_request(req)
         resp = s.send(prep)
 
-        assert resp.json()['headers']['Dummy-Auth-Test'] == 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
+        assert resp.json()['headers'][
+            'Dummy-Auth-Test'] == 'dummy-auth-test-ok'
+
+    def test_prepare_request_with_bytestring_url(self):
+        req = requests.Request('GET', b'https://httpbin.org/')
+        s = requests.Session()
+        prep = s.prepare_request(req)
+        assert prep.url == "https://httpbin.org/"
 
     def test_links(self):
         r = requests.Response()
@@ -686,7 +726,6 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         # make sure one can use items multiple times
         assert list(items) == list(items)
 
-
     def test_time_elapsed_blank(self):
         r = requests.get(httpbin('get'))
         td = r.elapsed
@@ -854,7 +893,6 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         r = s.get(httpbin('get'), params={'FOO': 'bar'})
         assert r.json()['args'] == {'foo': 'bar', 'FOO': 'bar'}
 
-
     def test_long_authinfo_in_url(self):
         url = 'http://{0}:{1}@{2}:9000/path?query#frag'.format(
             'E8A3BE87-9E3F-4620-8858-95478E385B5B',
@@ -865,7 +903,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert r.url == url
 
     def test_header_keys_are_native(self):
-        headers = {u'unicode': 'blah', 'byte'.encode('ascii'): 'blah'}
+        headers = {u('unicode'): 'blah', 'byte'.encode('ascii'): 'blah'}
         r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'), headers=headers)
         p = r.prepare()
 
@@ -890,7 +928,7 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         assert p.headers['Content-Length'] == length
 
-    def test_oddball_schemes_dont_check_URLs(self):
+    def test_nonhttp_schemes_dont_check_URLs(self):
         test_urls = (
             'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAHAAACH5BAUAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==',
             'file:///etc/passwd',
@@ -956,6 +994,28 @@ class RequestsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self._patch_adapter_gzipped_redirect(s, url)
         s.get(url)
 
+    def test_basic_auth_str_is_always_native(self):
+        s = _basic_auth_str("test", "test")
+        assert isinstance(s, builtin_str)
+        assert s == "Basic dGVzdDp0ZXN0"
+
+    def test_requests_history_is_saved(self):
+        r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/redirect/5')
+        total = r.history[-1].history
+        i = 0
+        for item in r.history:
+            assert item.history == total[0:i]
+            i=i+1
+
+    def test_json_param_post_content_type_works(self):
+        r = requests.post(
+            httpbin('post'),
+            json={'life': 42}
+        )
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+        assert 'application/json' in r.request.headers['Content-Type']
+        assert {'life': 42} == r.json()['json']
+
 
 class TestContentEncodingDetection(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -1004,7 +1064,7 @@ class TestContentEncodingDetection(unittest.TestCase):
 class TestCaseInsensitiveDict(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_mapping_init(self):
-        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo','BAr': 'bar'})
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'})
         assert len(cid) == 2
         assert 'foo' in cid
         assert 'bar' in cid
@@ -1078,7 +1138,7 @@ class TestCaseInsensitiveDict(unittest.TestCase):
         cid['spam'] = 'blueval'
         cid.update({'sPam': 'notblueval'})
         assert cid['spam'] == 'notblueval'
-        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo','BAr': 'bar'})
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict({'Foo': 'foo', 'BAr': 'bar'})
         cid.update({'fOO': 'anotherfoo', 'bAR': 'anotherbar'})
         assert len(cid) == 2
         assert cid['foo'] == 'anotherfoo'
@@ -1148,20 +1208,24 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         from requests.utils import super_len
 
         assert super_len(StringIO.StringIO()) == 0
-        assert super_len(StringIO.StringIO('with so much drama in the LBC')) == 29
+        assert super_len(
+            StringIO.StringIO('with so much drama in the LBC')) == 29
 
         assert super_len(BytesIO()) == 0
-        assert super_len(BytesIO(b"it's kinda hard bein' snoop d-o-double-g")) == 40
+        assert super_len(
+            BytesIO(b"it's kinda hard bein' snoop d-o-double-g")) == 40
 
         try:
             import cStringIO
         except ImportError:
             pass
         else:
-            assert super_len(cStringIO.StringIO('but some how, some way...')) == 25
+            assert super_len(
+                cStringIO.StringIO('but some how, some way...')) == 25
 
     def test_get_environ_proxies_ip_ranges(self):
-        """ Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges in no_proxy variable """
+        """Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges
+        in no_proxy variable."""
         from requests.utils import get_environ_proxies
         os.environ['no_proxy'] = "192.168.0.0/24,127.0.0.1,localhost.localdomain,172.16.1.1"
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.0.1:5000/') == {}
@@ -1172,10 +1236,12 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://192.168.1.1/') != {}
 
     def test_get_environ_proxies(self):
-        """ Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges in no_proxy variable """
+        """Ensures that IP addresses are correctly matches with ranges
+        in no_proxy variable."""
         from requests.utils import get_environ_proxies
         os.environ['no_proxy'] = "127.0.0.1,localhost.localdomain,192.168.0.0/24,172.16.1.1"
-        assert get_environ_proxies('http://localhost.localdomain:5000/v1.0/') == {}
+        assert get_environ_proxies(
+            'http://localhost.localdomain:5000/v1.0/') == {}
         assert get_environ_proxies('http://www.requests.com/') != {}
 
     def test_is_ipv4_address(self):
@@ -1201,12 +1267,15 @@ class UtilsTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         assert not address_in_network('172.16.0.1', '192.168.1.0/24')
 
     def test_get_auth_from_url(self):
-        """ Ensures that username and password in well-encoded URI as per RFC 3986 are correclty extracted """
+        """Ensures that username and password in well-encoded URI as per
+        RFC 3986 are correclty extracted."""
         from requests.utils import get_auth_from_url
         from requests.compat import quote
         percent_encoding_test_chars = "%!*'();:@&=+$,/?#[] "
         url_address = "request.com/url.html#test"
-        url = "http://" + quote(percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + ':' + quote(percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + '@' + url_address
+        url = "http://" + quote(
+            percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + ':' + quote(
+            percent_encoding_test_chars, '') + '@' + url_address
         (username, password) = get_auth_from_url(url)
         assert username == percent_encoding_test_chars
         assert password == percent_encoding_test_chars
@@ -1273,10 +1342,53 @@ class TestMorselToCookieMaxAge(unittest.TestCase):
 class TestTimeout:
     def test_stream_timeout(self):
         try:
-            r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/delay/10', timeout=5.0)
+            requests.get('https://httpbin.org/delay/10', timeout=2.0)
         except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:
             assert 'Read timed out' in e.args[0].args[0]
 
+    def test_invalid_timeout(self):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=(3, 4, 5))
+        assert '(connect, read)' in str(e)
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout="foo")
+        assert 'must be an int or float' in str(e)
+
+    def test_none_timeout(self):
+        """ Check that you can set None as a valid timeout value.
+
+        To actually test this behavior, we'd want to check that setting the
+        timeout to None actually lets the request block past the system default
+        timeout. However, this would make the test suite unbearably slow.
+        Instead we verify that setting the timeout to None does not prevent the
+        request from succeeding.
+        """
+        r = requests.get(httpbin('get'), timeout=None)
+        assert r.status_code == 200
+
+    def test_read_timeout(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=(None, 0.1))
+            assert False, "The recv() request should time out."
+        except ReadTimeout:
+            pass
+
+    def test_connect_timeout(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=(0.1, None))
+            assert False, "The connect() request should time out."
+        except ConnectTimeout as e:
+            assert isinstance(e, ConnectionError)
+            assert isinstance(e, Timeout)
+
+    def test_total_timeout_connect(self):
+        try:
+            requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=(0.1, 0.1))
+            assert False, "The connect() request should time out."
+        except ConnectTimeout:
+            pass
+
 
 SendCall = collections.namedtuple('SendCall', ('args', 'kwargs'))
 
@@ -1337,13 +1449,14 @@ class TestRedirects:
             assert session.calls[-1] == send_call
 
 
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def list_of_tuples():
     return [
-            (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd')),
-            (('c', 'd'), ('a', 'b')),
-            (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd'), ('e', 'f')),
-            ]
+        (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd')),
+        (('c', 'd'), ('a', 'b')),
+        (('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd'), ('e', 'f')),
+        ]
 
 
 def test_data_argument_accepts_tuples(list_of_tuples):
@@ -1362,5 +1475,45 @@ def test_data_argument_accepts_tuples(list_of_tuples):
         assert p.body == urlencode(data)
 
 
+def assert_copy(p, p_copy):
+    for attr in ('method', 'url', 'headers', '_cookies', 'body', 'hooks'):
+        assert getattr(p, attr) == getattr(p_copy, attr)
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_empty_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_no_cookies_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url='http://www.example.com',
+        data='foo=bar',
+        hooks=default_hooks()
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+
+def test_prepared_request_complete_copy():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url='http://www.example.com',
+        data='foo=bar',
+        hooks=default_hooks(),
+        cookies={'foo': 'bar'}
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
+def test_prepare_unicode_url():
+    p = PreparedRequest()
+    p.prepare(
+        method='GET',
+        url=u('http://www.example.com/üniçø∂é')
+    )
+    assert_copy(p, p.copy())
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()