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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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<font size="-1"><b class="breadcrumbs">
<a href="paramiko-module.html">Package paramiko</a> ::
Module util
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<!-- =========== START OF MODULE DESCRIPTION =========== -->
<h2 class="module">Module paramiko.util</h2>
Useful functions used by the rest of paramiko.
<hr/>
<!-- =========== START OF CLASSES =========== -->
<table class="summary" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="summary">
<th colspan="2">Classes</th></tr>
<tr><td width="15%">
<b><a href="paramiko.util.PFilter-class.html"><code>PFilter</code></a></b></td>
<td> </td></tr>
</table><br />
<!-- =========== START OF FUNCTION SUMMARY =========== -->
<table class="summary" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="summary">
<th colspan="2">Function Summary</th></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="bit_length"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">bit_length</span>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>n</span>)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#deflate_long" class="summary-sig-name"><code>deflate_long</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>n</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>add_sign_padding</span>)</span></code>
<br />
turns a long-int into a normalized byte string (adapted from
Crypto.Util.number)</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="format_binary"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">format_binary</span>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>data</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>prefix</span>)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="format_binary_line"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">format_binary_line</span>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>data</span>)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="format_binary_weird"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">format_binary_weird</span>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>data</span>)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> string
</font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#generate_key_bytes" class="summary-sig-name"><code>generate_key_bytes</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>hashclass</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>salt</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>key</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>nbytes</span>)</span></code>
<br />
Given a password, passphrase, or other human-source key, scramble it
through a secure hash into some keyworthy bytes.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="get_logger"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">get_logger</span>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>name</span>)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="get_thread_id"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">get_thread_id</span>()</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#hexify" class="summary-sig-name"><code>hexify</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>s</span>)</span></code>
<br />
turn a string into a hex sequence</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#inflate_long" class="summary-sig-name"><code>inflate_long</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>s</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>always_positive</span>)</span></code>
<br />
turns a normalized byte string into a long-int (adapted from
Crypto.Util.number)</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> dict(hostname, dict(keytype, <a
href="../private/paramiko.PKey-class.html"
class="link"><code>PKey</code></a>))
</font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#load_host_keys" class="summary-sig-name"><code>load_host_keys</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>filename</span>)</span></code>
<br />
Read a file of known SSH host keys, in the format used by openssh, and
return a compound dict of <code>hostname -> keytype -></code> <a
href="../private/paramiko.PKey-class.html"
class="link"><code>PKey</code></a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#log_to_file" class="summary-sig-name"><code>log_to_file</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>filename</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>level</span>)</span></code>
<br />
send paramiko logs to a logfile, if they're not already going
somewhere</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#lookup_ssh_host_config" class="summary-sig-name"><code>lookup_ssh_host_config</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>hostname</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>config</span>)</span></code>
<br />
Return a dict of config options for a given hostname.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="mod_inverse"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">mod_inverse</span>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>x</span>,
<span class=summary-sig-arg>m</span>)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> object
</font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#parse_ssh_config" class="summary-sig-name"><code>parse_ssh_config</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>file_obj</span>)</span></code>
<br />
Parse a config file of the format used by OpenSSH, and return an
object that can be used to make queries to <a
href="paramiko.util-module.html#lookup_ssh_host_config"
class="link"><code>lookup_ssh_host_config</code></a>.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="safe_string"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">safe_string</span>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>s</span>)</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><a name="tb_strings"></a><span class="summary-sig"><span class="summary-sig-name">tb_strings</span>()</span></code>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"> </font></td>
<td><code><span class="summary-sig"><a href="paramiko.util-module.html#unhexify" class="summary-sig-name"><code>unhexify</code></a>(<span class=summary-sig-arg>s</span>)</span></code>
<br />
turn a hex sequence back into a string</td></tr>
</table><br />
<!-- =========== START OF VARIABLE SUMMARY =========== -->
<table class="summary" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="summary">
<th colspan="2">Variable Summary</th></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"><code>int</code></font></td>
<td><b><a href="../private/paramiko.util-module.html#_g_thread_counter"><code>_g_thread_counter</code></a></b> = <span title="0">0 </span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"><code>dict</code></font></td>
<td><b><a href="../private/paramiko.util-module.html#_g_thread_ids"><code>_g_thread_ids</code></a></b> = <span title="{}"><code>{} </code>
</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"><code>lock</code></font></td>
<td><b><a href="../private/paramiko.util-module.html#_g_thread_lock"><code>_g_thread_lock</code></a></b> = <span title="<thread.lock object at 0xb7df2180>"><code><thread.lock object at 0xb7df2180> </code>
</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" valign="top" width="15%"><font size="-1"><code>PFilter</code></font></td>
<td><b><a href="../private/paramiko.util-module.html#_pfilter"><code>_pfilter</code></a></b> = <span title="<paramiko.util.PFilter object at 0xb7b39dac>"><code><paramiko.util.PFilter object at 0xb7b39dac> </code>
</span></td></tr>
</table><br />
<!-- =========== START OF FUNCTION DETAILS =========== -->
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="details">
<th colspan="2">Function Details</th></tr>
</table>
<a name="deflate_long"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">deflate_long</span>(<span class=sig-arg>n</span>,
<span class=sig-arg>add_sign_padding</span>=<span class=sig-default>True</span>)</span>
</h3>
turns a long-int into a normalized byte string (adapted from
Crypto.Util.number)
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="generate_key_bytes"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">generate_key_bytes</span>(<span class=sig-arg>hashclass</span>,
<span class=sig-arg>salt</span>,
<span class=sig-arg>key</span>,
<span class=sig-arg>nbytes</span>)</span>
</h3>
Given a password, passphrase, or other human-source key, scramble it
through a secure hash into some keyworthy bytes. This specific
algorithm is used for encrypting/decrypting private key files.
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
<dl><dt><b>Parameters:</b></dt>
<dd><code><b>hashclass</b></code> -
class from <code>Crypto.Hash</code> that can be used as a
secure hashing function (like <code>MD5</code> or
<code>SHA</code>).
<br /><i>
(type=<code>Crypto.Hash</code>)</i>
<dd><code><b>salt</b></code> -
data to salt the hash with.
<br /><i>
(type=string)</i>
<dd><code><b>key</b></code> -
human-entered password or passphrase.
<br /><i>
(type=string)</i>
<dd><code><b>nbytes</b></code> -
number of bytes to generate.
<br /><i>
(type=int)</i>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><b>Returns:</b></dt>
<dd>
key data
<br /><i>
(type=string)</i>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="hexify"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">hexify</span>(<span class=sig-arg>s</span>)</span>
</h3>
turn a string into a hex sequence
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="inflate_long"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">inflate_long</span>(<span class=sig-arg>s</span>,
<span class=sig-arg>always_positive</span>=<span class=sig-default>False</span>)</span>
</h3>
turns a normalized byte string into a long-int (adapted from
Crypto.Util.number)
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="load_host_keys"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">load_host_keys</span>(<span class=sig-arg>filename</span>)</span>
</h3>
<p>Read a file of known SSH host keys, in the format used by openssh,
and return a compound dict of <code>hostname -> keytype -></code>
<a href="../private/paramiko.PKey-class.html"
class="link"><code>PKey</code></a>. The hostname may be an IP address
or DNS name. The keytype will be either
<code>"ssh-rsa"</code> or
<code>"ssh-dss"</code>.</p>
This type of file unfortunately doesn't exist on Windows, but on
posix, it will usually be stored in
<code>os.path.expanduser("~/.ssh/known_hosts")</code>.
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
<dl><dt><b>Parameters:</b></dt>
<dd><code><b>filename</b></code> -
name of the file to read host keys from
<br /><i>
(type=str)</i>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><b>Returns:</b></dt>
<dd>
dict of host keys, indexed by hostname and then keytype
<br /><i>
(type=dict(hostname, dict(keytype, <a
href="../private/paramiko.PKey-class.html"
class="link"><code>PKey</code></a>)))</i>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="log_to_file"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">log_to_file</span>(<span class=sig-arg>filename</span>,
<span class=sig-arg>level</span>=<span class=sig-default>10</span>)</span>
</h3>
send paramiko logs to a logfile, if they're not already going
somewhere
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="lookup_ssh_host_config"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">lookup_ssh_host_config</span>(<span class=sig-arg>hostname</span>,
<span class=sig-arg>config</span>)</span>
</h3>
<p>Return a dict of config options for a given hostname. The
<code>config</code> object must come from <a
href="paramiko.util-module.html#parse_ssh_config"
class="link"><code>parse_ssh_config</code></a>.</p>
<p>The host-matching rules of OpenSSH's <code>ssh_config</code> man
page are used, which means that all configuration options from matching
host specifications are merged, with more specific hostmasks taking
precedence. In other words, if <code>"Port"</code> is set
under <code>"Host *"</code> and also <code>"Host
*.example.com"</code>, and the lookup is for
<code>"ssh.example.com"</code>, then the port entry for
<code>"Host *.example.com"</code> will win out.</p>
The keys in the returned dict are all normalized to lowercase (look
for <code>"port"</code>, not <code>"Port"</code>.
No other processing is done to the keys or values.
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
<dl><dt><b>Parameters:</b></dt>
<dd><code><b>hostname</b></code> -
the hostname to lookup
<br /><i>
(type=str)</i>
<dd><code><b>config</b></code> -
the config object to search
<br /><i>
(type=object)</i>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="parse_ssh_config"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">parse_ssh_config</span>(<span class=sig-arg>file_obj</span>)</span>
</h3>
<p>Parse a config file of the format used by OpenSSH, and return an
object that can be used to make queries to <a
href="paramiko.util-module.html#lookup_ssh_host_config"
class="link"><code>lookup_ssh_host_config</code></a>. The format is
described in OpenSSH's <code>ssh_config</code> man page. This method is
provided primarily as a convenience to posix users (since the OpenSSH
format is a de-facto standard on posix) but should work fine on Windows
too.</p>
The return value is currently a list of dictionaries, each
containing host-specific configuration, but this is considered an
implementation detail and may be subject to change in later
versions.
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
<dl><dt><b>Parameters:</b></dt>
<dd><code><b>file_obj</b></code> -
a file-like object to read the config file from
<br /><i>
(type=file)</i>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl><dt><b>Returns:</b></dt>
<dd>
opaque configuration object
<br /><i>
(type=object)</i>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<a name="unhexify"></a>
<table width="100%" class="func-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<h3><span class="sig"><span class="sig-name">unhexify</span>(<span class=sig-arg>s</span>)</span>
</h3>
turn a hex sequence back into a string
<dl><dt></dt><dd>
</dd></dl>
</td></tr></table>
<br />
<!-- =========== START OF VARIABLE DETAILS =========== -->
<table class="details" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="white">
<tr bgcolor="#70b0f0" class="details">
<th colspan="2">Variable Details</th></tr>
</table>
<table width="100%" class="var-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<a name="_g_thread_counter"></a>
<h3>_g_thread_counter</h3>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><b>Type:</b></dt>
<dd>
<code>int</code>
</dd>
<span title="0"> <dt><b>Value:</b></dt>
<dd><table><tr><td>
<pre class="variable">
0 </pre>
</td></tr></table></dd>
</span> </dl>
</dd>
</dl></td></tr></table>
<table width="100%" class="var-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<a name="_g_thread_ids"></a>
<h3>_g_thread_ids</h3>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><b>Type:</b></dt>
<dd>
<code>dict</code>
</dd>
<span title="{}"> <dt><b>Value:</b></dt>
<dd><table><tr><td>
<pre class="variable">
{} </pre>
</td></tr></table></dd>
</span> </dl>
</dd>
</dl></td></tr></table>
<table width="100%" class="var-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<a name="_g_thread_lock"></a>
<h3>_g_thread_lock</h3>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><b>Type:</b></dt>
<dd>
<code>lock</code>
</dd>
<span title="<thread.lock object at 0xb7df2180>"> <dt><b>Value:</b></dt>
<dd><table><tr><td>
<pre class="variable">
<thread.lock object at 0xb7df2180> </pre>
</td></tr></table></dd>
</span> </dl>
</dd>
</dl></td></tr></table>
<table width="100%" class="var-details" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"><tr><td>
<a name="_pfilter"></a>
<h3>_pfilter</h3>
<dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><b>Type:</b></dt>
<dd>
<code>PFilter</code>
</dd>
<span title="<paramiko.util.PFilter object at 0xb7b39dac>"> <dt><b>Value:</b></dt>
<dd><table><tr><td>
<pre class="variable">
<paramiko.util.PFilter object at 0xb7b39dac> </pre>
</td></tr></table></dd>
</span> </dl>
</dd>
</dl></td></tr></table>
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